History of Mexican Revolution Essay

The novel transports readers to a ghost town on the desert plains in Mexico, and there it weaves together tales of passion, loss, and revenge. The village of Comala is populated by the wandering souls of former inhabitants, individuals not yet pure enough to enter heaven. Like the character Juan Preciado, who travels to Comala and suddenly finds himself confused, as readers we are not sure about what we see, hear, or understand. But the novel is enigmatic for other reasons. Since publication in 1955, the novel has come to define a style of writing in Mexico. Sparse language, echoes of orality, details heavy with meaning, and a fragmentary structure transformed the literary representation of rural life; instead of the social realism that had dominated in earlier decades, Rulfo created a quintessentially Mexican, modernist gothic.. The haunting effect of Pedro Paramo derives from the fitful story of Mexican modernity, a story that the novel tells in a way that more â€Å"objective† historical and sociological analyses cannot. As an aesthetic expression characterized by imaginative understanding, the novel explores Mexican social history of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The decadent remnants of a quasi-feudal social order, violent revolutions, and a dramatic exodus from the countryside to the city all gave rise to ghost towns across Mexico. Pedro Paramo tells the stories of three main characters: Juan Preciado, Pedro Paramo, and Susana San Juan. From the point of view of Juan Preciado, the novel is the story of a son’s search for identity and retribution. Juan’s mother, Dolores Preciado, was Pedro Paramo’s wife. Although he does not bear his father’s name, Juan is Pedro’s only legitimate son. Juan has returned to Comala to claim â€Å"[j]ust what’s ours,† as he had earlier promised his dying mother. Juan Preciado guides readers into the ghost story as he encounters the lost souls of Comala, sees apparitions, hears voices, and eventually suspects that he too is dead. We see through Juan’s eyes and hear with his ears the voices of those buried in the cemetery, a reading experience that evokes the poetic obituaries of Edgar Lee Masters’ Spoon River Anthology (1915). Along with Juan Preciado, readers piece together these fragments of lives to construct an image of Comala and its demise. Interspersed among the fragments recounting Juan’s story are flashbacks to the biography of Pedro Paramo. Pedro is the son of landowners who have seen better days. He also loves a young girl, Susana San Juan, with a desire that consumes his life into adulthood. â€Å"I came to Comala because I had been told that my father, a man named Pedro Paramo, lived there. † —page 3 Although the story line in these biographical fragments follows a generally chronological order, the duration of time is strangely distorted; brief textual passages that may read like conversational exchanges sometimes condense large historical periods. Moreover, the third-person narrative voice oscillates between two discursive registers. On the one hand, poetic passages of interior monologue capture Pedro’s love for Susana and his sensuality; on the other, more exterior descriptions and dialogues represent a domineering rancher determined to amass wealth and possessions. Within this alternation between the first- and third-person narrative voices, readers must listen for another voice and reconstruct a third story, that of Susana San Juan. We overhear bits of her tale through the ears of Juan Preciado, listening with him to the complaints that Susana—in her restless death—gives forth in the cemetery of Comala. â€Å"I was thinking of you, Susana. Of the green hills. Of when we used to fly kits in the windy season. We could hear the sounds of life from the town below; we were high above on the hill, playing out string to the wind. ‘Help me Susana. ‘ And soft hands would tighten on mine. ‘Let out more string. ‘† —page 12 Poetic sections evoke her passion for another man, Florencio, and Pedro never becomes the object of Susana’s affection. Juan Preciado, Pedro Paramo, and Susana San Juan are all haunted by ghosts; in turn, they become ghosts who haunt the realities of others. â€Å"They say that when people from there die and go to hell, they come back for a blanket. † —page 6 Although as readers we have the sense of lives once lived by these characters, they emerge for us as phantasms, as partially known presences who are not immediately intelligible and who linger with inexplicable tenacity. Reading Pedro Paramo creates a transformative recognition of Mexico’s move toward modernity in the early twentieth century; more than the objective lessons learned from social and cultural history, as a novel, Pedro Paramo produces a structure of feeling for readers that immerses us through the experience of haunting. As ghosts, Pedro, Susana, and Juan point outward to the social context of Mexico in the difficult movement toward modernization, toward social arrangements that never completely die as a newer social order is established. Pedro’s accumulation of land as a rancher harks back to the trends of capital accumulation during the benign dictatorship of President Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911). The Porfiriato strove to modernize the nation through the development of infrastructure and investment; it allowed for anomalies such as the creation of the Media Luna ranch and strong local power brokers such as Pedro Paramo who shared the interests of the elite and helped maintain a thinly veiled feudal social order. Within this context, Susana San Juan and other individuals murmur their complaints in ghostly whispers. Indeed, at one point, Rulfo planned to call the novel Los murmullos—the murmurs. Speaking in the streets of Comala, overheard in dreams, and groaning in the cemetery, these spectral murmurs bespeak a reality hidden beneath the facade of Porfirian progress. The Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 gave expression to repressed peasants—the campesinos of rural Mexico—and put an end to the Porfiriato. Susana San Juan, in turn, reveals the repressed role of women in a patriarchal order. In this world women are chattel and ranch-owners can forcibly populate the countryside with bastard children by asserting feudal rights to the bodies of peasant women living on their lands. Peasant revolutionaries and Susana San Juan as well are all manipulated by Pedro Paramo. He can force events to keep them all in the places where he would have them, but he cannot control their desires and their pleasures. The peasants celebrate festivals, and after the revolution they eventually rebel again by participating in the Cristero Revolt of 1926-1929. Susana suffers guilt and remembers pleasure in evocative passages that underscore her erotic ties to Florencio, a man unknown to others in the novel, perhaps a dead soldier from the revolution, the man Pedro would have had to be in order to have Susana’s love. â€Å"The sky was crowded with fat, swollen stars. The moon had come out for a little while and then vanished. It was one of those sad moons that nobody looks at or even notices. It hung there for a little while, pale and disfigured, and then hid itself behind the mountains. † -Juan Rulfo References Carol Clark D’Lugo, The Fragmented Novel in Mexico: The Politics of Form (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997), 70-81. Patrick Dove, â€Å"‘Exigele lo nuestro’: Deconstruction, Restitution and the Demand of Speech in Pedro Paramo,† Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 10. 1 (2001): 25-44,

Characteristics of the Accounting Information Systems

An accountant plays a vital role in any business; one can even say they are one of the most influential practitioners. For instance, accountants participant in generating rules and guidelines, advising day to day business activities, and even decision making. While the IT and IS communities are used frequently in many businesses, they are not the founders of the characteristics of useful information. The key reason behind this is due to the fact that accountants are the users of IS and IT communities.As being the primary users, one can expect the characteristics, rules, and guidelines for an information system to be designed by the accountants themselves. In a broader view, â€Å"accountants can assume three roles: designer, user, and auditor† (Gelinas, Dull 27). As a designer, the accountant can offer its knowledge of various principles (accounting principles and auditing principles), and various methods and techniques (information system and system development).In designing an accounting information system (AIS), the accountant can answer various questions that relate back to the seven characteristics of useful information systems. Some questions may include: â€Å"What will be recorded and how will transactions be recorded? When will the transaction be recorded and when will they be reported? What controls will be necessary to provide valid, accurate, and complete records? How much detail will reports need? † (Gelinas, Dull 27). If accountants did not design the AIS then these questions may be left unanswered without their expertise.Accountants perform many functions in an organization such as a â€Å"clerk, controller, treasurer, tax specialist, and financial analyst† (Gelinas, Dull 27). Therefore, it is necessary for them to use the AIS to perform their duties. As a user, it is imperative for the accountant to participant in the AIS process to make sure it contains the required features. In addition, knowing how to use the AIS technolo gy would be very beneficial in working effectively and efficiently. For example, a financial analyst would need to know how to store the data and access it, and how to present the information.Finally, as an auditor, one of their main interests in the AIS is the reliability of the data. Without reliability, auditors cannot â€Å"provide an opinion on the effectiveness and efficiency on internal controls† (Brazel 38). Accountants will remain the main users and as a user, an auditor as well. With the seven characteristics in mind, could they have evolved from the past? With technology not being as easily accessible as in today’s accounting world, one can assume that information was not as relevant, reliable, timely, or accessible.In relation, modern technology is so efficient in today’s world; therefore the flow of information can be quickly exchanged at any time. For example, Internet has allowed companies to send reports across the globe at any given time. This a bility gives accountants easy access to information and timely information. Without timely information, relevant and reliable information would be impossible. However, one possible disadvantage in today’s accounting world may be the relevance of the data. With such easy access to information, it can be more difficult to narrow down that information to its essence.Having too much information can make AIS more difficult to understand and increase uncertainty. Without being able to understand the AIS, an accountant cannot verify the same information. All these characteristics come hand in hand; if one characteristic fails then other characteristics will be affected. Although today’s accounting world has greatly shifted from the past, one cannot deny that the accounting community has always had a major impact in generating the characteristics of useful information.Older accounting communities created the building blocks of the characteristics. Technology merely enhanced th e flow of information and efficiency. Accounts will remain the designer, user, and auditors of the AIS. Work Cited Brazel, Joseph. â€Å"How Do Financial Statement Auditors and IT Auditors Work Together? † The CPA Journal (2008): 38-41. Print. Gelinas, Ulric J. , Richard B. Dull, and Patrick R. Wheeler. â€Å"Chapter 1: Introduction to Accounting Information System. † Accounting Information Systems. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2012. 27-28. Print.

Abortion: Make It Illegal

Dallas Chambers Mrs. Baker English 112 03/26/13 Abortion: Make It Illegal Some people believe that there is nothing wrong with abortion, and that it is perfectly moral. Meanwhile others believe that abortion is murder regardless of how far along the baby has developed. No matter what a person believes, abortion is not the right choice. I believe that every child has the right to live even if the mother is young or not financially secure. Abortion is the termination of an innocent child. There are many reasons why abortion should be illegal: ethically and physically.There are many reasons why women choose to have an abortion. Some are selfish and others are selfless, or to protect themselves or the child from future harm. The selfish reasons include that having a baby would interfere with school/work, that they cannot afford a baby or that they are having problems with their significant other. These are merely excuses for not wanting to accept responsibility for their actions. Some of the selfless reasons include medical problems, either with the mother or child, and because the woman was raped. These are the two main qualifiers for this argument.Some women say it is their right to choose whether or not they want to abort a baby. This is true and that right is protected in the Constitution. Also, in the Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court case in 1973, the Court ruled that abortion is a woman’s fundamental right. However, when considering an abortion a woman is not just making a choice about her own life, she is deciding whether or not to terminate another. It is fine to make a decision when it only concerns one person, but when it is a decision for that person and someone who cannot speak for themselves it is not fair.There are plenty of other options to choose from rather than aborting a baby. These women could give the baby away to a loving family who can’t conceive children or who has health problems. They could have the baby adopted, granted it is not easy to give away a child but it is better than terminating it and never giving that child a chance to grow. There are open adoptions and closed adoptions. It is very easy to find a place to arrange an adoption considering in today’s society the world is at our fingertips. If a person looks on Google they can find plenty of websites that can arrange adoptions.For example, just in North Carolina there is achildshope. com, christianadopt. org, littleangelsadoption. net and many more. A woman could also put the baby in the foster care system or take the â€Å"path less traveled† and keep the baby themselves. It is better to have a child and give them to a deserving home or couple than to terminate it before he/she even had a chance. Think about it. Any of the lives terminated could end up becoming a doctor, lawyer, or even the next Einstein. Another reason not to terminate a life is because abortion can cause health problems to the woman who receives it.These health probl ems do not only include physical but also mental. Some physical side effects of abortion are bleeding, hemorrhage, infection, inflammation of organs, and increased risk of miscarriage in the future. Some psychological side effects include anxiety, depression, use of alcohol and marijuana, and also suicide. Abortion can cause many health problems and may even kill you, not to mention it is terminating the life of an unborn child†¦ Why would a mother risk that? However, if there are risk factor brought on by a pregnancy then the subject of right or wrong gets more complicated.Either the mother or the child’s life could be in danger. If the mother could possibly die by giving birth to the child then it is not right for anyone to prevent her from terminating the pregnancy, if she chooses to do so. Also, if the child will be terminally ill from the moment of birth, than the mother should be able to determine whether she should terminate the life of that child. Another qualifi er would be if the woman was raped. A woman should not have to endure the pain of pregnancy when it was not her choice to have intercourse in the first place.However, a woman cannot just go to a clinic and say they were raped. There must be a police report on file stating that the woman was raped in order to go ahead with the abortion. Abortion has been a very controversial subject for the past few years and throughout all the debates regarding it I have heard some very interesting comments made by the Pro-Choice believers. Some of these comments included that women should be able to make their own decisions, the baby isn’t alive until it exits the womb, and it is better to kill a baby than have it suffer in a family who doesn’t want it or cannot provide for it.While all women have the right to decide what to do with their bodies, they all have to take responsibility for their actions as well. If a woman is headed to work and drinks a fifth of vodka before getting in t he car to drive there, that is her choice. However, if she ends up killing someone she can’t just say â€Å"well, I’m pro-choice† and then walk away. That woman would have to face the consequences of her actions and go to jail. Why is it any different to kill a human being outside of the mother’s womb than it is when the child is still inside of it?Either way a human being was killed. Whether they were born yet or not is irrelevant. â€Å"A baby isn’t alive until it exits the womb. † Some people do believe that a baby is not alive until it takes its first breath, which is at birth. However, whether you consider the baby alive at the moment of conception or not, the baby will grow into a human being and for someone to terminate the child’s life before it has a chance to grow and develop is wrong. The only moral termination of pregnancy is through miscarriage and nobody has control over that.As previously stated, there are other options than just keeping the â€Å"unwanted† child. There is foster care, open adoption and closed adoptions. In conclusion, abortion is morally and ethically wrong. It is the termination of an unborn child and a woman should not be allowed to terminate a pregnancy without any consequences. There are plenty of other options to choose from besides just terminating a pregnancy. This is why abortion should be illegal in the United States.

Week 4 DB Sha Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 4 DB Sha - Essay Example Even though the captain allowed some of the firefighters to make use of the occasion to pick up women, some of the firefighters in attendance were on duty. As a result, the city is vicariously liable for the assault offences of its employees. The employer was directly negligent in allowing the employees to use the occasion pick up women which resulted in the sexual offense Some of the firefighters were on duty in case of any eventuality at the event. This implies that the firefighters were dutifully at the place to perform responsibilities authorized by the agent. As stated in American Federation vs. Equitable life, for respondeat superior to attach, the employee needs to have breached his duty to a third whilst acting in the scope as well as course of his employment. At the time of the sexual assault, one of the firefighters was on duty. This implies that the firefighter breached duty while acting in the course of his employment. The offence was committed within the time and space limits of the agency considering that one of the employees was on duty. Furthermore, sexual assault is a violation of the basic human rights and a criminal offense. In my view, the city is to have respondeat superior liability for the harmful acts of these

Multinational corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Multinational corporation - Essay Example The areas of corporate social responsibility are such as management of the environment, maintaining labour standards and good working conditions, engagement of stakeholders, observance of human rights and practicing good governance. A multinational corporation will show corporate irresponsibility on failure to take the social responsibility measures (Adeyeye, 2012). According to McIntyre et al (2009) one of the corporate irresponsibility incidents of multinational corporations is the violation of human rights by these corporations, and another one is environmental mismanagement. For instance the MCNs in oil extracting countries have been observed over the years to have violated the rights of the oil bearing communities. The violation usually arises from the conflicts between the two groups concerning land rights and compensation for the ecological damages that are caused by these corporations during oil extraction. The extraction mainly causes negative effects on the environment and the MNCs show corporate irresponsibility by not finding the appropriate measures of managing the effects caused. The multinational corporations further fail to meet the expectations of these communities concerning compensation as well as environmental management. The result of this corporate irresponsibility is frustration of the communities arising from unfulfilled expectations as well as violence as form of response. The operations of these multinational corporations have been attributed to the cases of underdevelopment in the countries (Sornarajah, 2010). The efforts of free trade markets to better the global economy and making sure that multinationals are accountable for their effects on the environments and stakeholders, have failed since the multinational corporations are making more efforts to cover their abuses on the environment as well as the human rights instead of preventing them. Among the multinational

Sexual Predator Prosecution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Sexual Predator Prosecution - Research Paper Example In order to further prevent their predatory activity, the registered sex offenders are prohibited to own or have in their possession a certain type of motor vehicle such as the ones used for the retail sale of frozen desserts which can hide children in it (New York State, 2006). These laws are constantly reviewed. A sexual offender that is registered and under surveillance who refuses to provide the necessary information demanded of him such as any change of address or address of the work location may be charged with class E felony once convicted. This means that he is bound to stay in prison for a period over a year. This also applies to the sexual offender that fails to comply with the laws on telephone use with special numbers or the internet restrictions on certain websites. If the offender commits the same crime twice or is convicted for the second time, then he will be charged with class D felony making him go back to prison for another term of not less than a year. If the sexual offender violates the section of the act on the issue of motor vehicle used, he is charged with class A misdemeanor which means he will go to prison for a term of not more than a year (New York State, 2006). The mandatory conditions given to sexual offenders and which is specified under several of Congress laws such as 18 U.S.C. 3583(d) and U.S.S.G 5D1.3 (a) specify that the defendant should not commit another offense while he is under supervision by the parole officer. He is also to avoid from use of control substances unlawfully and this may necessitate drug testing on an impromptu basis. The defendant is to also try and make restitution with the victim of the offense he committed which will under the supervision of the parole officer or even a police officer depending on the victim’s request but never alone (Brown & Campbell, 2010). The discretionary conditions imposed by the court only take place when there is

Team Working Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Team Working - Assignment Example The theories of Belbins, Tuckman, and time management only solidified our project. A team binds itself in a chain only to be stronger. The success of a team is directly proportional to the overall work of the team. There is no "I" in "TEAMWORK". Teamwork is working together - even when apart. The Teamwork can be simply stated that it is less me and more we. In short, the Team can be best explained with this formula. When you complete the Belbin Self-Perception Inventory you will receive - among other reports - a 'fingerprint' of your Team Role preferences. Very few people display characteristics of just one Team Role. Most people have 3 or 4 preferred roles, which can be adopted or eschewed as the situation requires. Every division was made in accordance with the demands of the client. We collectively decided that all of us wanted to be a part of planning the project. While managing utility cost, studio equipment, and premise decision were assigned to one team member. None of us wanted to be left out of marketing campaign and presentation. Experts, Recruitment and Launch event were allotted to 2 members each. Thus subscribing to this theory we managed to fit in a number of roles. The fact that nobody in the team was indispensable made the project a lot easier. Each of us were a substitute for some body. In the absence of one of the team members during the marketing campaign we were prepared look after his work too. There... None of us wanted to be left out of marketing campaign and presentation. Experts, Recruitment and Launch event were allotted to 2 members each. Thus subscribing to this theory we managed to fit in a number of roles. The fact that nobody in the team was indispensable made the project a lot easier. Each of us were a substitute for some body. In the absence of one of the team members during the marketing campaign we were prepared look after his work too. In fact when we were assigning roles to reach we followed the Belbins theory of team roles. Team Roles Description (http://www.belbin.com/rte.aspid=3) Team Role Contribution Allowable weakness Plant Creative, imaginative, unorthodox. Solves difficult problems. Ignores incidentals. Too Preoccupied to communicate effectively. Resource investigator Extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative,. Explores. Develops contacts. Over optimistic. Loses interest once enthusiasm has passes. Co coordinator Mature, confident, a good chair person. Can be seen as manipulative. Offloads personal work. shaper Challenging, dynamic, thrives on pressure. Prone to provocation. Offends people feelings. Monitor evaluator Sober, strategic and discerning. Sees all options and judges accurately. Lacks drive and ability to inspire others. Team worker Cooperative, mild, perceptive and diplomatic. Indecisive in crunch situation. implementer Disciplined, reliable, conservative and efficient. Turns ideas into practical actions. Somewhat inflexible. Slow to respond to new possibilities. Completer finisher Painstaking, conscientious, anxious, searches out errors and omissions. Delivers on time. Inclined to worry unduly. Reluctant to delegate. specialist Single minded, self starting and

Technological Changes in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Technological Changes in Organizations - Essay Example Lately, many transactions taking place in businesses have incorporated the use of technology and its devices in form of electronic components. The invention of computer technologies was the hallmark of development in information globally. This resulted in the development of soft wares capable of handling technical business transactions with minimal or no errors at all. To promote business growth, managers have entirely embraced the use of technology in their operations (Deb 2001). This reduces the challenges arising from application of technology compared to using the traditional methods in administration. The technologies mostly available for use by businesses are computer technology and information technology. It is in the digital era that electronic transactions have reduced paperwork by improving on modes of accessing business information. Some businesses have been able to embrace technology while others view it as hindrance to their operations. Technology and management Technolo gy has drastically altered the manner in which businesses are conducted (Deb 2001 P 94). The stakeholders in businesses have received this with mixed reactions. To some it has been a blessing, whereas to others a disgust. Furthermore, it has lead to the opening up of new markets by connecting different regions globally. Efficiency has increased in organizations that have fully embraced the use of technology in their business applications. Modern managers are utilizing information technology in decision making using systems such as decision support systems. Implementing technology comes with its challenges in organizations. In the first place maintaining the technological infrastructure demands a lot in terms of expertise required by the management team. Organizations have to incorporate training on technology in their courses to adjust with the modern trends. Organization will align their policies with technological advancements in order to minimize conflicts that may arise in meeti ng requirements of the law as pertaining technology. Technology requires maintenance in terms of costs for the equipments put in place. Incase of a system breakdown, businesses will realize losses that will affect their staff’s morale negatively. In addition, organizations lose traditional expertise initially used in serving guests. Automated machines have replaced human beings thus denying clients the personal touch in service: such as emotions expressions by the service staff. Technology causes anxiety among employees when they are not sure of what might happen in term of technological advances, thus lack of job security. There has to be training and education of employees to ensure they are aware of the current trends in technology. Finally, setting up technological infrastructures such as purchase of computer for information transactions is not the solution to organizations problems. Organizations with limited resources should sought expertise from professionals when hand ling technical business issues. Technology in management According to (Deb 2001, P 109), organizations intending to use technology should set plans that will guide the application of technologies in businesses. Embracing innovations has to be with a purpose and not just for the sake of profits. It will enable analysis of business data and carrying out research to find out market needs. Consequently,

Solutions regarding Google Glass privacy issues Research Paper

Solutions regarding Google Glass privacy issues - Research Paper Example g Privacy Issues in the Context of Google Glass† draws on his over 10-year experience studying privacy and mobile computing to examine the negative sentiments that have afflicted Google Glass. He looks at the issue from the perspective of lessons learned about privacy from the ubiquitous computing project in the 1990s, as well as current expectations of privacy change. Yesenia Duran in â€Å"Google Glass Finds Its Way into Law Enforcement† discusses the use of Google Glass by law enforcement and government agencies to increase situational awareness. Ribeiro Furlan in â€Å"Google Glass† discusses the risks posed to users of Google Glass with regards to hacking, which can make private information available to unauthorized people. Finally, Schreiber discusses the considerable challenges that Google Glass portends on existing privacy laws and paradigms, examining implications and solutions. From these articles, a question arises: What are the solutions to Google Glas s’ privacy issues? This paper will argue that Google Glass should seek to improve security by ensuring recording can only occur with the knowledge of people around the wearer, as well as ensuring that information collected through the device is secure from unauthorized access. â€Å"Google Glass displays information in a smartphone-like hands-free format that can interact with the Internet via natural language voice commands† (Duran 18). However, because of this, Google Glass wearable computers pose pertinent privacy questions that need to be addressed before Google can make them available on the market. To begin with, Google Glass threatens those not using it as they are always under surveillance. Most of these people will react to people wearing Google Glass as if they are recording them, even when they are not. In turn, this will threaten their ability to hold anonymous, candid, or private social interactions, increasing the likelihood of social venues banning its use. In addition, although the Google

Development And Establishment Of Public Relations Essay

Development And Establishment Of Public Relations - Essay Example This has resulted from an unorganized approach toward industrialization. The knowledge in old generations was far less than what modern people are equipped with. People were less educated and were unaware of the pros and cons of the emerging technology. Emphasis was more on the development of industries rather than on the consideration of their positive and negative environmental, cultural, social and political aspects. There was an urge to invent more and more, and in the hustle and bustle, nobody really cared how the new industries should be located to enhance cooperation among them and reduce side effects on the society. It is said that it is far easier to rectify a mistake in the start than otherwise. Very less importance was given to the planning and organization of technology and industries in the past which has resulted in the evolution of factors so evil, which have made human life difficult on the planet. This has happened for a variety of reasons.There used to be little or no transport at all. Making long journeys consumed a lot of energy of the people of that age. Industrialization is no doubt beneficial for the social and economic development of a country, but the way the industries are located, their construction is organized or what thereafter effects certainly make a lot of difference, whose effects can be judged by the level of satisfaction of the people of that area, who are associated directly or indirectly with them, or the ones generally referred to as the stakeholders.

How does this section of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

How does this section of Romeo and Juliet Essay The characters are utilised by Shakespeare to highlight a sense of loss and desperation. The Captain who is a neutral figure, expresses a sense of remorse and sadness when he sees Romeo and Juliets dead bodies as a pitiful site, also illuminating a sense of universal suffering. Juliets newly dead body is used so that the agony and pain of her death is felt again universally. Romeo and Juliet are described as piteous woes which portrays them as one and as abstractions of sadness which emphasises the loss and despair of a romantic pair. The words trembles, sighs and weeps are listed characteristics of suffering used to highlight a sense of loss and nervousness. The shock and astonishment of Romeo and Juliets death is highlighted by the repetition of dead showing how unexpected this tragedy really was. Tybalts death is exaggerated when Romeo and Juliets marriage day is described as Tybalts doomesday increasing the magnitude of desperation and sadness. Shakespeare illuminates a paradox of joy and sadness between Tybalts untimely death and the new-made bride groom creating a contrast of joy and misery. There is a cruel irony when Juliets borrowed grave became her actual death bed. When this great tragedy was described as an accident it conveys the image of this great tragic love story as a minor and petty incident. Shakespeare uses the language of an important character to highlight a lack of gravitas and feeling in the text. Shakespeare uses flowers which represent nature, good health, love and positivity as a conventional image to highlight what this tragedy is all about. The last line describes everyone as being punished which again shows universal suffering. Shakespeare focuses the blame and responsibility on many people to emphasise the complexity of this tragedy. When the captain of the watch holds him in safety there is an air of suspicion that suggests that there will be blame given. The mattock and spade are both physical emblems of the Friars responsibility, showing the explicit direct blame and responsibility, of the Friar. The fact that the families are unaware adds a sense of mystery and shows more clearly the rushed fickle and spontaneous nature of the marriage. When Montague asks What further woe conspires against mine age? it shows bad luck, dual responsibility and the loss of youth and innocence. Shakespeare plays upon a maternal instinct when Juliet is described as a daughter for the first time, which is much less formal and emotional, conveying a real image of suffering and grieving. Shakespeare uses Romeo and Juliets stlen marriage day to portray a sense of immorality and negativity. When Juliet pined it reminds us of the rushed and hasty marriage. When Juliet is described as doing violence to her self, it presents to us a literal reading of suicide, but also lays a wider and inferred blame on Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare describes the nurse as privy to show the nurses responsibility in keeping secret. Shakespeare highlights a sense of resolution and end to trouble by conveying subtle hints through the use of his characters. There is a healing of a rift when Shakespeare uses Romeo and Juliets death to present a positive image of the families which is shown when Capulet says O brother Montague Which is used as a positive image of new unity and a bond between the two families. The statue in pure gold emphasises the preciousness and importance of this tragedy. Montague compliments the Capulets when he says true and faithful Juliet showing that despite all the sorrow and grief there is still a sense of positivity. The resolution is tarnished by the fact that it is still glooming but it still gives us a sense of peace and when the Prince who is neutral repeats this again which portrays a universal sense of suffering. The sun represents images of positivity and despite a sense of sadness and sorrow there is still a sense of calm and new peace. There is a sense of union and bonding when Balthasar says to the Prince to the same place, to this same monument showing the older generations past conflict and Balthasar represents youth and innocence so he also represents the ability to change attitudes and stop the rivalry and stubbornness that has become so ingrained. In this section Shakespeare uses tragic aspects to highlight tragedy towards the end. The Princes advice is to have patience and slow down which is an ironic reminder that Romeo and Juliets fatal flaw was that they rushed in to their love and marriage. Friar advised Romeo and Juliet to slow down and bear this work of heaven with patience but they still remained rushed which is Shakespeares way of reminding us of Romeos hubris. The Friar wants his old life to be sacrificed emphasising even more the loss of youth, innocence and change. There is a hint that the two families have not learnt anything from this great tragedy when Montague says I can give thee more which shows that the two families are still competitive and are both desperate to prove themselves better. There is an implication that they are still interested in materialism when the statue will be raised in pure gold which is another superficial attempt to show the power and wealth of the families. When this tragedy is described as a story it undermines the sense of real suffering and denigrates Romeo and Juliets love.

Junot Diaz Bio Essay Example for Free

Junot Diaz Bio Essay Lent DDS was born In the Dominican Republic and raised New Jersey. He Is a creative writing teacher at MIT and fiction editor at the Boston Review. He also serves on the board of advisers for the Freedom university, a Volunteer organization in Georgia that provides post-secondary instruction to undocumented immigrants. From what I have read I have gathered that he really had to rely on himself. Getting him through college working the Jobs where you have to do the dirty work, dishes, and pumping-gas. Supposedly Drown reflects Diazs strained relationship with his own father, with whom he no longer keeps in contact with. Diaz was born in Villa Juana, a neighborhood in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. He was the third child in a family of five. Through most of his childhood he lived with his mother and grandparents while his father worked in the united States. Diaz emigrated to Parlin, New Jersey, in December of 1974, where he was able to reunite with his father. He lived close to what he considered one of the largest landfills in New Jersey. His short fiction has appeared In The New Yorker magazine, which listed him as one of the 20 top writers for the 21st He has also been published in Story, The Paris Review, and in the anthologies The Best American Short Stories four times (1996, 1997, 1999, 2000), The PEWO. Henry prize stones (2009), and African voices. He s best known for his two major works: the short story collection Drown (1996) and the novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007). 80th were published to critical acclaim and he won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the latter. Diaz himself has described his writing style as a disobedient child of New Jersey and the Dominican Republic If that can be possibly Imagined with way too much Diaz has received a Eugene McDermott Award, a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, a Lila Acheson Wallace Readers Digest Award, the 2002 PEN/Malamud Award, the 2003 us-Japan Creative Artist Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, a fellowship at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard university and the Rome Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He was selected as one of the 39 most important Latin American writers under the age of 39 by the Bogota World Book Capital and the Hay Festival. [18] In September 2007, Miramax acquired the rights for a film adaptation of The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. [19] The stories in Drown ocus on the teenage narrators impoverished, fatherless youth in the Dominican Republic and his struggle adapting to his new life in New Jersey. Reviews were generally strong but not without complaints. 20] Diaz read twice for PRIs This American Life

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: History and Applications

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: History and Applications 1.0 Introduction Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) relates to the study of the absorption of radiant energy commonly within the ultraviolet or possibly in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum by isolated atoms in the gaseous phase. Considering that, in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, the analyte is introduced to the optical beam of the instrument as free atoms, all the likely rotational and vibrational energy levels are degenerate (of the same energy). Contrary to the absorption spectra of polyatomic chemical species (ions or molecules) in which there is often a multiplicity of feasible transitions corresponding to several rotational and vibrational energy levels superimposed on distinct electronic energy levels, the spectra of free atoms are characterized by merely a reasonably very few sharp absorbances (line spectra) which are often correlated with changes in electronic energy levels. The multitude of possible different energy levels accessible to polyatomic species leads to almos t a continuum of possible transitions. As a result the spectra of ions (molecules) are comprised of somewhat broad bands which are caused by the partial resolution of several individual transitions. Hence, one feature of atomic spectra is their simpleness compared to the spectra of polyatomic species. 2.0 History of Atomic Spectroscopy The historical past associated with atomic spectroscopy can be directly linked to the study of daylight. In 1802, the German researcher Wollaston documented the existence of black colored regions (lines) within the spectrum of natural light. These kind of regions began to be referred to as Fraunhofer lines in honour of the scientist who actually invested most of his illustrious career understanding them. It had been implied, as early as 1820, these particular Fraunhofer lines resulted from absorption processes that took place within the suns environment. Kirchoff and Bunsen established that the standard yellowish light produced by sodium compounds, when positioned in a flame, seemed to be similar to the black colored D line in suns spectrum. Several scientific studies applying a very early spectrometer lead Kirchoff (1859) to report that virtually any substance which could emit light at a provided wavelength also can absorb light at that same exact wavelength. He was the very first r esearcher to discover that theres a comparable relationship regarding the absorption spectrum as well as the emission spectrum of the very same element. Agricola in 1550 used the characteristic colors associated with fumes to control the whole process of smelting of ores. Talbot (1826) and Wheatstone (1835) claimed the fact that colors associated with flame and spark induced emissions were typical of distinct substances. The actual quantitative facets of atomic spectroscopy have been formulated merely within the past 60-70 years. The substitution of photoelectric devices pertaining to visual detection and also the advancement and commercialisation of equipment go back to the later part of 1930s. The creation of all these devices was made feasible not simply owing to continued advancement in the understanding of the principle makeup and behaviour of atoms but have also been reinforced by the growing realisation that the existence of minimal and trace quantities (low mg/kg) of specific elements can impact industrial processes substantially. Consequently, devices had been developed in response to technical and technological demands. Contemporary atomic spectroscopy could very well be divided ideally into 3 connected techniques based on the processes employed to generate, to be able to detect as well as determine the free atoms of analyte. While atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) calculates the amount of light absorbed by atoms of analyte, atomic emission and atomic fluorescence determine the amount of the radiation emitted by analyte atoms (although under distinct conditions) that have been promoted to increased energy levels (excited states). Atomic emission (AE) and atomic fluorescence (AF) vary basically in the procedures through which analyte atoms obtain the extra energy associated with their excited states; perhaps by means of collisional events (AE) or through the absorption of radiant energy (AF). Every one of these 3 spectroscopic techniques can certainly be classified as a trace technique (meaning both a higher level of sensitivity and also a high selectivity), can be pertinent to numerous elements, and yet relative to the other two, every individual technique presents specific benefits as well as drawbacks. Ever since the arrival of commercial atomic absorption spectrometry devices around the early 1960s, this specific technique has quickly obtained wide acceptance to the point where surveys of equipment available in scientific labs have implied, constantly, that an AAS instrument is actually the 4th or 5th most popular instrument (exceeded only by a balance, a pH meter, an ultra violet visible spectrophotometer and quite possibly an HPLC). 3.0 Principles 3.1 Energy Transitions in Atoms Atomic absorption spectra usually are generated in the event that ground state atoms absorb energy originating from a radiation source. Atomic emission spectra tend to be generated if excited neutral atoms discharge energy upon coming back to the ground state or simply a reduced energy state. Absorption of a photon associated with the radiation will cause an exterior shell electron to jump to a greater energy level, switching the particular atom in to an excited state. The excited atom will certainly drop back again to a reduced energy state, liberating a photon during this process. Atoms absorb or discharge radiation of distinct wavelengths considering that the permitted energy levels of electrons in atoms are generally fixed (not arbitrary). The energy change of a typical transition involving 2 energy levels is proportional to your frequency of the absorbed radiation: Eeˆ’Eg = hÃŽÂ ½ where: Ee = energy in excited state Eg = energy in ground state h = Plancks constant ÃŽÂ ½ = frequency of the radiation Rearranging, we have: ÃŽÂ ½ = (Ee ˆ’ Eg)/h or, since ÃŽÂ ½ = c/ÃŽÂ » ÃŽÂ » = hc/(Ee ˆ’ Eg) where: c = speed of light ÃŽÂ » = wavelength of the absorbed or emitted light The aforementioned relationships demonstrate that for any given electronic transition, the radiation of any distinct wavelength will be possibly absorbed or emitted. Every single element contains a distinctive set of permitted transitions and for that reason a distinctive spectrum. Pertaining to absorption, transitions include principally the excitation of electrons in the ground state, therefore the amount of transitions is fairly minimal. Emission, alternatively, takes place in the event that electrons in a number of excited states drop to reduced energy levels which includes, yet not restricted to, the ground state. That is why the emission spectrum possesses far more lines compared to the absorption spectrum. Whenever a transition is via as well as to the ground state, its classified as a resonance transition. Additionally, the ensuing spectral line is termed as a resonance line. 3.2 Atomization Atomic spectroscopy necessitates that atoms belonging to the element of interest remain in the atomic state (i.e not coupled with other components within a compound) not to mention that they must be properly segregated in space. In foodstuffs, pretty much all the components exist as compounds or perhaps complexes and, as a result, should be transformed into neutral atoms (atomized) prior to atomic absorption can be accomplished. Atomization necessitates isolating particles in to individual compounds (by vaporization) and then breaking these compounds in to atoms. Most commonly it is attained simply by exposing the analyte to excessive heat using a flame or perhaps plasma even though alternative strategies can be utilized. A solution comprising the analyte is normally placed in the flame or plasma in the form of fine mist. The actual solvent immediately evaporates, leaving behind solid particles within the analyte which vaporizes as well as decomposes to atoms which may absorb radiati on. This phenomenon is essentially the atomic absorption. This mechanism is displayed schematically in the figure adjacent to this description. 4.0 Instrumentation The typical design of the atomic absorption spectrometer is remarkably uncomplicated and not distinct from the more well-known spectrophotometers utilized for liquid phase studies. It is made up of: A light source that produces the spectrum of the element of interest. Ordinarily a hollow cathode lamp (HCL) and also the electrode-less discharge lamp (EDL) are employed as light sources An atom reservoir (which serves as an absorption cell) through which free atoms of your analyte are usually produced ordinarily a flame. Commonly a nebulizer-burner system as well as an electrothermal furnace function as an atom reservoir. A monochromator, (a piece of equipment to resolve the transmitted light in to its component wavelengths) which has an adjustable exit slit to choose the wavelength complimenting to your resonant line. Generally an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) grating monochromator is utilized. A detector (a photomultiplier tube (PMT) or maybe a solid-state detector (SSD) having ancillary electronics to determine the radiation intensity and also to amplify the ensuing signal. Flame photometers have one crucial disadvantage the flame is a luminous source of radiation. The instrument must recognise the contribution from the flame and disregard it. The power of the beam transmitted to the detector (P) will likely be equivalent to the power of the beam incident on the sample (Po) excluding the power of the beam absorbed (PA) by the sample including a contribution from the luminosity of the flame (PF). P = Po- PA + PF Practically all Atomic Absorption spectrometers function using a radiation source that is modulated (chopped mechanically and / or electrically at a fixed frequency). The net impact would be that the detector will get a modulated signal from your emission source including a constant signal from the flame. The continual signal from your luminous flame will then be subtracted electronically (filtered out by the instrument) through the modulated signal which began from the lamp. This modulated radiation from your lamp is symbolised in the following figure as a dotted line (as opposed to the solid line for the lamp radiation in Figure). 5.0 Applications in Food Analysis Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) can be described as a fairly straightforward and uncomplicated technique and has been one of the most widespread form of atomic spectroscopy in food analysis for several years. It is actually primarily employed for the determination of trace metals within a sample as well as for vitamin level determinations in feeds. 5.1 Trace Metal Determinations in Foods Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy finds its applications extensively in the determination of trace metal concentrations in foodstuffs, Two conditions need to be rigidly met for a trace element analysis to be of any value whatsoever. The analytical sample, that is in fact introduced to the instrument (usually under 1 mL) has to be (i) homogeneous and (ii) a miniature replica of the bulk material that has been sampled. Food materials satisfy the first condition i.e. they are heterogeneous with regards to both particle size as well as analyte concentrations, in addition it varies significantly from one food to a different food when it comes to bulk composition. However, For biological materials, especially for foods, generally speaking, the issue of acquiring a sample that is a accurate miniature replica of the bulk material is particularly severe and may be likely to make contribution considerably to the total uncertainty linked to the final result. The evaluation of foodstuff, as well as biological items in most cases, with regard to trace elements presents specific analytical difficulties which arent experienced with several other sample types. A variety of elements of consideration tend to be present at amounts which range from very low to sub ~g/kg at one particular extreme while some other analyte components can be found at amounts in excess of 100 mg/kg. Considering that an analyte trace element might be found in a variety of chemical forms (several oxidation states, coupled with diverse anions bound to organic ligands or even proteins), the organic component of the analyte may result in significant matrix interferences through the detection process. Usually, to decrease these kinds of interferences the laboratory test sample is pretreated to transform all these variations associated with the analyte to a well-known cationic form whereas destroying the organic components of the sample (that are oxidised to Carbon dioxide a s well as H20). In most cases, these kind of digestion treatments are complicated, time intensive, error prone, and restricted by the dimensions of sample which is often treated. The pre-analysis digestion acts to solubilise the sample(s) to improve homogeneity, and also to decrease probable interferences. Two generalised digestion procedures are popular; (i) samples can be dry ashed in a furnace at 500 to 600~ and the ash solubilised in an acid solution or (2) the sample can be wet digested with a combination of heat, strong acids, and/or oxidising agents. Often, a triacid mixture consisting of concentrated nitric acid, with lesser amounts of 57% (v/v) perchloric and sulphuric acids (40:4:1) is used to digest plant material, however, the proportions of reagents, the sample size (2 g or less) and the volume of the final digest must be rigidly controlled to avoid analyte loss via precipitation (e.g., CaSO4 and/or PbSO4). These digestion reagents are highly corrosive. Moreover, the concentration, by evaporation, of perchloric acid digests can volatile perchlorate salts from the mixture. These salts can accumulate on the walls of the fume hood venting system with explosive results. More recently, efforts have been directed to automating the digestion process and to shortening the time req uired for sample pre-treatment by optimising procedures using microwave digesters. However, digestion procedures which are effective for one food matrix may not be effective with a different food. 5.1.1 Heavy Metals 5.1.1.1 Cadmium and Lead Making use of this approach, Pb and Cd in foodstuffs could be determined. It may well be applied to many other elements as well. The determination of Pb and Cd in foods necessitates initial destruction of organic matter present in the sample. This can be done employing a dry-ashing or even a wet digestion procedure. Pb and Cd by nature, are volatile components. Thus, a good ashing aid like magnesium nitrate or sulfuric acid is often introduced when utilizing a dry-ashing procedure. Pertaining to wet digestion, numerous processes are explained in literature. A good number of of these techniques commonly involve an H2SO4 / H2O2 digestion. Cd and Pb exist in very low levels in foods. For that reason, it is almost always important to concentrate these elements prior to analyzing them through atomic absorption. This is accomplished by chelation as well as extraction directly into an organic solvent or through the use of an ion exchange column. 5.1.1.2 Lead: Analysis of Food Coloring Dyes Analysis of lead metal concentration in organic food coloring dyes can be carried out making use of atomic absorption spectroscopy. Water soluble dyes, in many cases are analyzed effortlessly by very simple dilution using deionized H2O. Water insoluble dyes are generally digested with nitric acid, HClO4, followed by chelation, and are then extracted into xylene. 5.1.1.3 Lead and Copper: Analysis of Meat Products Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy works extremely well in determining the concetration of Pb and Cu in animal meats as well as meat products. Only dry ashing method is commonly employed to the meat samples. Following ashing, the particular samples will be blended in acid as well as diluted. This technique offers the subsequent benefits: 1) usually requires minimal operator attention 2) Virtually no sample losses resulting from splattering, volatilization or perhaps retention on crucibles. 5.1.1.4 Copper, Iron: Analysis of Alcoholic Beverages Alcoholic beverage manufacturers need to have stringent quality control programs which usually symbolize good manufacturing practices. Atomic absorption spectroscopy serves the above mentioned objective by enabling the determination of Copper and Iron concentrations in spirits, gin, whiskey, rum, vermouth and other alike beverages which might be relevant to many other elements as well. Analysis by atomic absorption is precise, quick with no special sample preparation. The samples tend to be aspirated instantly and standards are usually made-up in alcohol to fit the content with the specific sample. 5.1.1.5 Analysis of Wine Using this approach, several metals in wine samples are determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The wine sample is diluted and analyzed using aqueous standards for the determination of Sodium and Potassium ion concentrations. Specific heavy metals for instance copper and zinc could possibly be determined by direct aspiration vs standards made up of identical quantities of alcohol. Heavy metals might be determined through the use of an evaporation/ashing method to prepare the samples. Metals present in low concentrations can be concentrated by using an organic solvent extraction. 5.1.1.6 Analysis of Beer AAS can additionally be used for the determination of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Pb, Ni, Cu, Fe and Zn in beer. Most of these elements can easily be determined straightaway within beer. Nonetheless, elements found in higher levels should be diluted and also analyzed at wavelengths of relatively lower sensitivity. Elements like Pb, Ni and Fe exist in extremely low levels in beer. Solvent extraction could be used to concentrate these elements. Practically all beers should be decarbonated through shaking or simply by swiftly transferring via one beaker to a different one repeatedly. The foam generated needs to be permitted to collapse back to the actual liquid prior to sampling further more. With regards to canned and bottled beers, 1-2 drops of octyl alcohol is added to regulate foam as appropriate. In the event that solvent extraction is needed to concentrate the components of great interest, 25 mL of each and every standard solution and also beer sample is pipetted in to standalone darkened 100-mL flasks which in turn are usually equilibrated inside a water bath at 25  °C for half an hour, 2.5 milliliters APDC (1%) solution is added in, blended and 15 milliliters MIBK is added. The flasks usually are shaked intensely for five mins and even centrifuged to split up the layers. With regard to aqueous samples, alcohol can be included to the actual standards to ensure that content is similar to the samples. Pertaining to organic extraction, it is ascertained that the standards are made-up in organic solvents. 5.1.1.7 Analysis of Whole Kernel Corn AAS finds its applications in the determination of heavy metals in corn that includes Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu and Cr. Proper care is taken to make sure that all the organic matter is destroyed without any subsequent loss in trace metals when determining the heavy metal content level in corn samples. As there are merely little amounts of lead, Cd and C, and taking into consideration these particular elements exist in our environmental surroundings, contamination of samples through exterior sources is definitely problem to deal with. A sample that is at least 15 grams is actually weighed and subsequently a wet digestion is carried out with a combination of nitric acid and perchlorate. The resultant digest will then be refluxed with hydrochloric acid, diluted to volume and analyzed via atomic absorption. 5.1.1.8 Analysis of Fish and Seafood An acid digestion procedure is used for sample determination of many elements in fish and seafood  tissue including K, Na, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni and Pb. A weighed sample is placed in a digestion vessel, acid is added and the mixture is heated for several hours. The samples are digested with HNO3 and HClO4 or HNO3 and H2SO4 depending on the technique and heating vessel used. After the digestion, the samples are diluted to a specific volume and analyzed directly or chelated and extracted into an organic solvent if the element of interest is present in low concentration. The main advantage of this method is that it eliminates elemental loss by volatilization because the digestion takes place at a low temperature. The main disadvantages of a wet digestion procedure are that it is subject to reagent contamination and requires operator attention. Dry ashing is a method that can be used for the determination of several elements in fish and seafood samples including Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Co, Na and K. It has been reported that the major drawback to dry ashing is loss of metal due to volatilization. However, if the temperature in the muffle furnace is held at 450-500  °C, loss from volatilization is minimal. The dry-ashing method is less time-consuming than wet digestion methods. When levels of Pb and Cd are too low to be determined directly, solvent extraction can be used to concentrate these elements 5.1.1.9 Analysis of Fruit Juice Making use of this specific strategy, AAS can determine the concentration of calcium, magnesium, manganeese, iron, potassium, sodium, selenium and zinc in fruit juices. Dry ashing or wet oxidation can be employed; nevertheless these strategies tend to be time intensive. The juice sample may be hydrolyzed with a strong acid, allowing the preparation of several samples at once; the sample is then filtered after which it is analyzed by atomic absorption. To determine elements like Pb which are found in lower concentrations, chelation and solvent extraction may be used to concentrate the component of interest. 5.1.1.10 Analysis of Milk This technique details the determination of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium and Copper elements in milk by means of AAS. Making use of this process, typically the milk proteins which includes casein usually are precipitated through the use of trichloroaceticacid (TCA). The samples are then filtered and the resultant filtrate is analyzed by atomic absorption. 5.1.1.11 Analysis of Evaporated Milk: Lead AAS may also be used for the determination of Pb in evaporated milk. In this methodology, the milk sample is dry ashed after which it is extracted as the ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) into butyl acetate and is then determined by atomic absorption making use of the 283.3 nm wavelength 5.1.1.12 Analysis of Baking Powder: Aluminum The presence of aluminum metal in baking powder can be detected as well as determined by atomic absorption technique. The methodology is as follows, 1 g of sample is accurately weighed into a 250 mL Kjeldahl flask, and 2.0 mL sulphuric acid is then added, followed by the addition 3 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide. This leads to a vigorous reaction between the sample and the reagents. Once the vigorous reaction subsides, heat is applied using a Bunsen flame till the sample begins to char. 1 mL of additional increments of hydrogen peroxide is added and heated until the solution no longer chars; This is followed by another round of heating till fumes of SO3 emerge. The sample is then cooled and 50 mL water is added and one Pyrex glass chip and boiled for 3-5 min. The sampe is further cooled and filtered through Whatman No. 2 fast paper into a 100-mL volumetric flask rinsing thoroughly with H2O. The filtrate is diluted to volume. A reagent blank of 2.0 mL sulphuric acid  and 30% hydrogen p eroxide is prepared. The standards are also prepared and the aluminum concentration is determined using the conditions listed on the Standard Conditions pages. 5.1.1.13 Analysis of Edible Oils Char-Ashing Technique This method can be used to determine Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na and K in glyceride oil, copper hydrogenated edible oils, salad oils, soybean oil and vegetable oils. It may also be applicable to other elements. The disadvantage of the char-ashing technique is that it is tedious and lengthy since the oil sample must first be completely carbonized on a hot plate before it is ashed in a muffle furnace. The entire process takes about 2 days. The advantage of this method is that it gives accurate results for several elements and it allows analysis for trace metals at a much lower level than direct aspiration. Digestion of oil samples using sulfuric acid has also been reported. Direct Solvent Method Analysis by direct aspiration of fats and oils diluted with various organic solvents has found widespread use as a rapid method for the determination of trace metals in various oil samples. This method is applicable to the determination of Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, Mg, Ca, K and Rh and may be applicable to other elements. Using this method, oil samples are dissolved in various organic solvents or mixtures of solvents including MIBK, acetone, ethanol, isoamyl acetate/methyl alcohol and then read directly by atomic absorption. The main advantage of this method is that it is very rapid and little sample preparation is needed. The main disadvantages are that the samples are diluted and so some metals will be present in low concentrations and it is sometimes difficult to find oil standards that matrix match the samples being analyzed. 5.1.1.14 Analysis of Tea and Instant Tea: Copper, Nickel AAS could be used for the determination of Cu and Ni in tea. Copper and nickel salts are usually put in place to act as a protectant and eradicant to protect the crop from blister blight. It is a fungus disorder which has an effect on tea. A definitive technique to determine both of these elements is essential for good quality control purposes. The 2 samples are generally wet-ashed utilizing a blend of HNO3 and HClO4. Instant teas decompose quickly and hence digestion with nitric acid alone would suffice. The principal benefit of wet ashing is the fact that it minimizes elemental loss given that the digestion occurs at a reduced temperature. Even so, its susceptible to reagent contamination and necessitates operator attention. Samples can even be dry-ashed. The standard solutions ought to be matrix matched to prevent interferences from Sodium or Potassium.

The Decline of Rome :: Ancient Rome Roman History

The Decline of Rome What were the most important reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire? Why? The seemingly unstoppable Roman Empire was bound to fall after the many aspects that made Rome such a dominant empire started to fade away. Rome was the center of the world and the thought that such a worldwide power could decline was unheard of. It was not built in a day; therefore it couldn't be destroyed in one day. The marvelous city declined for many reasons yet there are only a few major reasons that led to its diminish. Political, economic, religious, and outside forces were the major factors that led to the fall of the giant empire. Most of the problems came from within the city and were not caused by a major military defeat. Every decision that Rome made had a vast affect on city itself and the rest of the world. Many foolish decisions my terrible emperors weakened the city and eventually cause the many aspects of life to crumble. At one time a common religion was a huge factor that kept Romans united. Once the right of free worship was denied Rome became an empire of raging anger. Christianity a new religion appealed to the majority of the people of the Roman Empire. The message especially appealed to the poor and the slaves; it was also something new to put their faith in. Christianity was spread like wild fire. The Roman emperors felt that Christianity was so influential that it could be a possible threat. Around 100 AD. the first persecutions of the Christians occurred. Many of the Romans had already committed to the faith of Christianity and they refused to abandon it because it was the most important part of their life. This led to many social problems as well as a decline in the patriotism that had once lived in the hearts of all Romans. The People objected to Roman politics and became independent of the government. By the time that Constantine legalized Christianity it was much too late and the Empire was too deep in disunity to recover. The decision to outlaw Christianity was a terrible decision and caused the once united empire to crumble. Throughout much of the time that Rome existed, the Empire allowed the Germanic tribes to live peacefully within its territories. For many years the two groups lived harmoniously until the Huns pushed the tribes farther into Rome.

History of Pablo Picasso and his Art Essay -- Pablo Picasso Artists Pa

History of Pablo Picasso and his Art Pablo Picasso was a Spanish painter and sculptor, generally considered the greatest artist of the 20th century. He was unique as an inventor of forms, as an innovator of styles and techniques, as a master of various media, and as one of the most prolific artists in history. He created more than 20,000 works. Picasso's genius manifested itself early: at the age of 10 he made his first paintings, and at 15 he performed brilliantly on the entrance examinations to Barcelona's School of Fine Arts. Family life. Born in Mà ¡laga on October 25, 1881, Picasso was the son of Josà © Ruiz Blasco, an art teacher, and Marà ­a Picasso y Lopez. Until 1898 he always used his father's name, Ruiz, and his mother's maiden name, Picasso, to sign his pictures. After about 1901 he dropped "Ruiz" and used his mother's maiden name to sign his pictures. His large academic canvas Science and Charity, depicting a doctor, a nun, and a child at a sick woman's bedside, won a gold medal. Blue Period Between 1900 and 1902, Picasso made three trips to Paris, finally settling there in 1904. He found the city's bohemian street life fascinating, and his pictures of people in dance halls and cafà ©s show how he assimilated the postimpressionism of Paul Gauguin and the symbolist painters called the Nabis. The themes of Edgar Degas and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, as well as the style of the latter, exerted the strongest influence. Picasso's Blue Room reflects the work of both these painters and, at the same time, shows his evolution toward the Blue Period, so called because various shades of blue dominated his work for the next few years. Expressing human misery, the paintings portray blind figures, beggars, alcoholics, and prostitutes, their somewhat elongated bodies reminiscent of works by the Spanish artist El Greco. Rose Period in Paris, Picasso met Fernande Shortly after settling Olivier, the first of many companions to influence the theme, style, and mood of his work. With this happy relationship, Picasso changed his palette to pinks and reds; the years 1904 and 1905 are thus called the Rose Period. Many of his subjects were drawn from the circus, which he visited several times a week; one such painting is Family of Saltimbanques. In the figure of the harlequin, Picasso represented his alter ego, a practice he repeated in later works as well. Dating... ...new liaison during the 1940s with the painter Franà §oise Gilot who bore him two children, Claude and Paloma; they appear in many works that recapitulate his earlier styles. The last of Picasso's companions to be portrayed was Jacqueline Roque, whom he met in 1953 and married in 1961. He then spent much of his time in southern France. Late Works: Recapitulation Many of Picasso's later pictures were based on works by great masters of the past?Diego Velazquez, Gustave Courbet, Eugene Delacroix, and Edouard Manet. In addition to painting, Picasso worked in various media, making hundreds of lithographs in the renowned Paris graphics workshop, Atelier Mourlot. Ceramics also engaged his interest, and in 1947, in Vallauris, he produced nearly 2000 pieces. summary Throughout Picasso's lifetime, his work was exhibited on countless occasions. Most unusual, however, was the 1971 exhibition at the Louvre, in Paris, honoring him on his 90th birthday; until then, living artists had not been shown there. In 1980 a major retrospective showing of his work was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Picasso died in his villa Notre-Dame-de-Vie near Mougins on April 8, 1973.

Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

PEARL : Believable or Not Pearl could, or could not be a believable character in The Scarlet Letter depending on how the reader interprets Pearls’ actions and speech. I plan to prove that Pearl could be believable, and that she could net be believable. Throughout the book Pearl either says or does things that are not typical of a girl of her age. After Hester talks to Chillingworth, Pearl is asked if she knows why Hester wears the scarlet letter. Pearl replies, â€Å"It is for the same reason that the minister keeps his hand over his heart†. I do not believe that a seven your old girl could be observant enough to discover that the same reason that Dimmesdale puts his hand over his heart is the same reason that Hester wears the scarlet letter. If the whole town did not discover that there was something going on between Dimmesdale and Hester, then how could pearl? Another example that Pearl is not a believable child is when Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale are talking in the forest, and Dimmesdale decides to give Pearl a kiss. Pearl then walks over to the brook and washes off the kiss. Pearl seemed to like Dimmesdale previous to this incident, and now all of a sudden, she does not like Dimmesdale enough to not wipe off his kiss? Yet another example that Pearl is not a believable child is when she is walking in the woods alone, she says, â€Å"Why art thou so sad? Pluck up a spirit, and do not be all the time sighing and murmuring!". If a young girl believes that a brook can be sad, that shows some serious mental problems. Most children would think of a brook as a brook, not a sad brook, and tell it to pluck up its spirit. Also in the forest when Pearl is talking to Hester, Pearl says, â€Å"And so it is! And, mother, he has his hand over his heart! Is it because, when the minister wrote his name in the book, the Black Man set his mark in that place? But why does he not wear it outside his bosom, as thou dost, mother?†. I do not believe that Pearl would know that Arthur Dimmesdale has sinned, and even if she did know, how could she be smart enough to know that he wore his shame in secrecy.

Valuing Project Achieve

Introduction After years as a teacher and principal frustrated by the inability to effectively track school and student progress, Stacey Boyd and HBS classmate Mandy Lee founded Project Achieve, an information management system for schools. In a quickly changing industry with fast-moving competitors, Project Achieve aimed to use leading-edge technology to reduce the workload of teachers and administrators while simultaneously keeping parents and students aware of performance. In an attempt to raise capital from an array of investors, Boyd needed to assess the firm’s value before moving forward. Project Achieve’s Competitive Advantage_ Project Achieve hopes to differentiate itself from its competitors via its emphasis on a completely web-based product and its founder’s knowledge of schools and teachers, its two main competitive advantages. As the first mover amongst entirely web-based products, Project Achieve hopes to gain significant market share before imitatio ns of its products appear. Being entirely web-based, the system was created in a standardized manner to allow numerous schools to have the capability to use the system and get support simultaneously. In short, the firm’s products are especially scalable. The company will also collect tremendous amounts of information on students, creating yet another potential revenue stream from advertisers and content providers. Potentially, Project Achieve could evolve into the nerve center for schools. With high switching costs, such a position could be attractive to content providers and other potential acquirers. Compared to NCS’s SASI and ABACUS, Project Achieve has a more integrated web-based design and most importantly, is cheaper. Additionally, Project Achieve features an easier template and user-friendly interface compared to similar systems like IMSeries. With the potential to be used by administrators, teachers, parents, and students, Project Achieve could possibly become the platform for distance learning and communication among the aforementioned parties. This partly rests upon Boyd’s ability to gauge the technology needs in academia. Luckily, Boyd’s knowledge of the space is one of the firm’s competitive advantages. Unfortunately, the company’s technological advantages will probably be short-lived after the product hits the market, since competitors are likely to imitate Project Achieve and also move to ntirely web-based products. Additionally, the firm’s marketing strategy depends heavily on the support of governors, but it is questionable whether the firm has the necessary lobbying resources to gain their support. We also question the firm’s ability to entice schools to buy its fee-based program without a sales force. Comparable Company Analysis Based on Exhibit 3 from the case, Project Achieve has nine public companies that can be indentified as comparable. Project Achieve’s closest comparable companies are Click2learn. com, Learn2. com, and Vcampus. These companies are most similar to Project Achieve in that they are all primarily online learning and training courseware. In addition, these three companies are relatively new in the marketplace with the oldest company, Learn2. com, going public mid-year 1994. Finally, these three companies have little to no debt, similar to Project Achieve’s reliance on internal funding. Boyd can use her research on comparable companies in her valuation of Project Achieve to calculate Project Achieve’s beta. The comparable companies could also be used in a multiples-based valuation analysis. Unfortunately we don’t have a complete set of data for each firm’s number of subscribers, otherwise we could have done a valuation based on value per subscriber. _Project Achieve’s Discount Rate_ Boyd should use a discount rate of 19. 0% in her valuation of Project Achieve. This rate was determined using Achieve’s three most comparable companies, Click2learn. com, Learn2. com, and Vcampus. These comparables’ equity betas were determined based on the movement of the market and company returns since their inception. We unlevered these betas and took the median to estimate an industry beta. We assumed an asset beta of 1. 15 (the median asset beta of the three comparable companies) and a debt beta of 0 (with no interest bearing debt) for Project Achieve. Using the 30-year treasury rate (5. 94%) as the risk-free rate because of Project Achieve’s expected life and a historical 7. 0% market risk premium, we calculated Project Achieve’s discount rate at 14. 0%. This discount rate values Achieve as a public company, comparable to its public counterparts. As a non-public start-up, however, Project Achieve is far more risky than the more established comparables discussed above. Thus, we added a 5% start-up risk premium to reach an appropriate 19% discount rate for the valuation of Project Achieve. (See Exhibit #1) Valuing Project Achieve In order to forecast the value provided by each customer type to Project Achieve, we must first identify the breakdown of customers based on the probabilities given in the case, and then forecast the cash flows associated with each type of customer. To determine the probability of a generic targeted school falling into any customer category, we created a decision tree. Exhibit #2) Per our analysis, there are five end user states – perpetual Achieve Express users, two-year users of Achieve Express, perpetual users of Achieve Express and Achieve Logic, two-year users of Achieve Express and Achieve Logic, and targeted schools that didn’t respond – all with varying probabilities. Now armed with the percentage breakdown of customers expected for Project Achieve, to determine the value of each customer we mus t forecast the cash flows associated with each type of customer. Exhibit #3) All of the costs and revenues associated with each type of customer are detailed in Exhibit #3. After calculating a WACC of 19. 00% and forecasting cash flows for each type of customer, it is easy to find the net present value of each customer. Not surprisingly, two-year Express users are the only loss makers for the firm, with a value of -$386. 63 per two-year Express user. Perpetual Express users, two-year Logic users, and perpetual Logic users are each worth $1,315. 79, $15,588. 16, and $44,659. 4 respectively. (Exhibit #3) Now that we have calculated the value per customer for all of our customer classifications (Exhibit #3), we can apply the probabilities found in our decision tree (Exhibit #2) to find the overall value per targeted customer. Doing so, we find that each targeted customer has a value of $5,102. 49. (Exhibit #4) Going one step farther, we matched the value per targeted customer with the forecasted number of customers targeted to find the total value of all of Project Achieve’s targeted customers. Discounted at WACC (19. 0%), all of the firm’s targeted customers are cumulatively worth $78,805,398. (Exhibit #5) Using the DCF method, the after tax value of Project Achieve is $11,991,608. (Exhibit #5) The valuation of Project Achieve is extremely risky considering the dependency of the company’s cash flows on customer acquisition and retention. In addition, Project Achieve’s tax rate along with its carry-forward loss of $1 million will significantly affect its value. The assumptions used in valuing Project Achieve are: Total estimated overhead costs 1999-2000 are $6,524,826 (case Table A) Total costs increase 20% per year for 4 years and after the fifth year costs rise in line with subscription base Revenues grow 2% annually after year 5 (rate of increase for target schools) No inflation taken into account on growth rate because downward pressure on prices with new market entrants will counter inflation $1 million loss incurred to date (will carry forward in tax burden and increase the value of Achieve) 35% tax rate (ignoring depreciation) The Role of Investors Given Project Achieve’s status as an early-stage start-up, its lack of a sales force, and its need to develop relationships with political authorities and schools, the firm requires investors that understand start-ups and can help market its products. Angel investors like Daniel Eliot don’t seem to fulfill either of these requirements. Venture capitalists deeply understand start up businesses and could provide a big chunk of capital, but they don’t know schools, their valuation is lower than Jostens’, and they would be no help in gaining traction for Project Achieve’s products. Additionally, a VC firm would likely require much more control than the other types of investors. Strategic investors are the most compelling. A strategic investor may wish to complement its own growth by integrating Project Achieve’s new technology into its business. Since strategic investors are almost always in the same industry as their targets, they can often help with industry contacts and business expertise. For example, Jostens knows schools, has a sales force in the field calling on schools, and offers the best valuation. We would go with Jostens now, perhaps bringing in a venture capitalist in a later round. We would also keep in mind the possibility of selling out to Jostens down the road if Project Achieve’s products gain traction. Potential investors have widely varying estimates of the value of Project Achieve because our valuation has many aspects. Primarily, different investors may have different forecasts of product adoption rates. As discussed earlier in the paper, we feel that Boyd is being excessively optimistic about the probability of schools purchasing her fee-based program without prompting from a sales force. Since our valuation is entirely dependent on the probabilities displayed in our decision tree (Exhibit 2), if different investors had different calculations for these probabilities, their valuations would be drastically different. Boyd needs to make sure she is realistic in her forecasts of product adoption, for they will set the stage for valuation discussions. Computing the explicit valuation, whether pre-money or post-money, is simple and unlikely to lead to disagreement. The valuations may differ, however, based on how big an investment is made. Since the three potential investors, Daniel Eliot, Jostens, and the angel investors, were all offering different amounts of capital, it makes sense that their valuations would differ slightly. Quantifying the implicit valuation is what makes valuing the firm particularly problematic. The implicit valuation includes valuing warrants, liquidation preferences, and dividends. Additionally, there are non-quantifiable valuation factors such as pre-emptive rights and anti-dilution provisions. To have a better deal, it is important for Boyd to present Project Achieve’s business opportunities thoroughly and disclose all useful information.

Planning a Birthday

Planning a birthday party may seem like a simple project, but it may be difficult and require a lot of work. In order to plan a successful party, you need to have excellent organizational skills, find a good location, secure a sufficient budget and have plenty volunteers. Beginning the process, you will need to have excellent organizational skills. This comes in handy as you figure out a list of people to invite including, family relatives, friends, and co-workers. You may fill out invitation cards and get them in the mail at least one week before the party. You need to give the guests enough time to R. S. V. P, so you will know how many people will be attending the birthday party. If you have the party at your house you will need to invite your neighbors. Having a party at your home sometimes comes with a lot of noise, your guests may park their cars by your neighbor’s house and you don’t want to trouble your neighbors. After you know how many people will be joining the birthday party, you need to start compiling a list of food, alcohol beverages, soft drinks, and party supplies such as paper plates, plastic forks, cups, napkins, decoration, games and possibly entertainment. Next choose an appropriate location to have your event. Possible places are: restaurants, clubs, hotel suites, ballrooms or your house. Let’s say you decide to have a party at your house. You have an advantage because you do not necessarily have to hire a catering company. Instead you can show off your cooking skills, and impress your guests. Another reason is that most of your guest already knows your home location and it will be easy for your guest to find the birthday party. Also having a party at your home will save some budget as compared to renting a place. If you decide host a party at some type of venue then more goes into preparing your party. For example, you choose your house as the place for the party. On the other hand, if you have a good budget and your home cannot fit a lot of guests, then you probably need to rent a place such as a hall. Final step, you will need to have a budget. One of the worst things that could happen is you plan everything and realize you do not have enough money. A good budget will help you watch your expenses. For example, if your budget is $1,000. 00 dollars for a birthday party, you can spend $600. 00 on food, drinks, and supplies and $300. 00 for hiring a DJ and $100. 00 for decorations. In conclusion throwing birthday parties take lots of planning and time management.

Negotiation Tactics

Law of the Olympic Games Law 451D – Sec. 001 (4-Credit Seminar) Spring 2010 Administrative Information Professor Joseph Weiler Instructor: Ken Cavalier E-mail: [email  protected] ubc. ca E-mail: [email  protected] net Phone: 604 – 822 – 4246 Phone: 604 – 581 – 0261 Office: Curtis 221 Instructor: Arun Mohan Instructor: Brian Schecter E-mail: [email  protected] comE-mail: [email  protected] com Phone: 604 – 375 – 3901 Class Schedule: Tuesday: 2 – 5 pm Classroom: UCLL 173 (Lower Level of the Leon and Thea Koerner University Centre) Evaluation Term paper accounts for 2/3 of the final grade. a. Approximately a 30 – 40 page paper is expected. b. The paper is due on Friday, April 30 by 4:30 p. m. c. Papers must be handed in at the Fish Bowl (Reception) Desk in paper format, and e-mailed to Professor Weiler in Word format. Class participation accounts for 1/3 of the final grade. a. A portion of the class participation mark will be based on a discussion that will be led by a student-group and center on the topics delineated in the course schedule (next page). b. A portion of the mark will be based on a discussion outline that must be created and handed out to the class—preferably by e-mail—at least a week before your particular discussion. c. A portion of the mark will be based on participating in the other discussions. Course Materials Students will read from the Course Kit, which will emailed to everyone. In addition, in preparation for the weekly discussions, the class will read the discussion outlines prepared by their fellow students, as well as materials from the suggested readings listed in these outlines. These materials will be available online and/or on course reserve. Schedule The course will follow the schedule detailed below: Week 1January 5Introduction and Administration Week 2January 12Administration: Group Topic Organization Week 3 January 19 The Olympic Movement: Setting the Stage -History, goals, values, benchmarks Week 4January 26 The Bid Process — Fairness, scandals, checks and balances – — Lessons from previous bids Guest: Don Rosenbloom (2010 Bid Corp) Student Discussants: Andy Roy: [email  protected] com Jon Conlin: [email  protected] com Week 5 February 2 Citizen Engagement and the Olympics Plebiscites, interest groups/watchdogs, community activation and mobilization -Housing Impacts: Positive and/or Negative? Guests: Rob VanWynsberghe (UBC: OGI Project) and Brenda Metropolit (VANOC) Student Discussants: Samuel Loeb: [email  protected] com Christian Nielsen: [email  protected] com Week 6 February 9 Eligibility to Play / Judging of Events â €“ Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs, Illegal Drugs, – Gender equity: the Women Ski Jumpers Case – Disability – Nationality – ADR-Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) – Comparison with professional sports and tours Guest: Nick Hopewell (Sports Lawyer) Student Discussants: Alexis Marach: [email  protected] com Week 7February 16No Class due to Midterm Olympic Games Break Week 8February 23No Class due to Midterm Olympic Games Break Week 9March 2Building and Operating the Games – Operation of the labour market, wage inflation and building costs, regulation of work stoppages employment equity strategies, use of volunteers Guests: Brian Dolsen (2010 Bid Corp, 2010 Legacies Now) and Roslyn Kunin (Canada West Foundation) Student Discussants: Alia Somji: [email  protected] com Peter Thoegersen: [email  protected] dk Emilie Vingtoft-Andersen: [email  protected] com Week 10March 9Revenue Sources: Sponsorship – Trademarks and Sponsorship – Exclusivity – Sponsors as â€Å"Olympic Partners† – Ambush marketing Guest: tba Student Discussants: Chris Filipchuk: c. [email  protected] com Alexandra Tratnick: [email  protected] com Week 11March 16 Revenue Sources: Broadcast -Television, radio, videogames, Internet: Are they complementary or competitive properties and platforms? -Domestic rights, global rights, valuation strategies -Distribution of revenue: IOC and NOCs and OCOGs -Relation to sponsorship Guests: tba Student Discussants: Audrey Lim: audry. [email  protected] com Neil Spencer: [email  protected] a Week 12 March 23 Sustainability and the Olympic Games -The Triple Bottom Line of Sustainability: Economic, Environmental and Social Sustainability Guests: Linda Coady, Margaret Dickson (VANOC) Student Discussants: Alasdair Shaw: [email  protected] gla. ac. uk Week 14 March 30 Aboriginal Inclusion: the Fo ur Host First Nations as Olympic Partners Guest: Tewanee Joseph, Executive Director, Paul Manning (Senior Consultant) : Four Host First Nations (FHFN) Secretariat Student Discussants: Victor Ing: [email  protected] ubc. ca Gina Wu: gina. cy. [email  protected] com Week 14April 6 Olympic Legacies: 2010 Legacies Now Building Better Communities -Sport and Recreation, Literacy, Arts, Volunteers Guests: Bruce Dewar (2010 Legacies Now) Student Discussants: Robert Pinsent: [email  protected] com Week 15April 13Cultural Olympiad -Torch Relay, Opening and Closing Ceremonies -Relation between Cultural Olympiad and other media and entertainment products during Games time -Ambush marketing and citizen protests -Cultural legacies UBC’s Role in the Games Guests: Michelle Aucoin, UBC Olympic Secretariat Student Discussants: Course Wrap-Up April 30 (Friday)Paper Due at 4:30 p. m. Via E-mail to Professor Weiler and Hard Copy to Fishbowl Office Negotiation Tactics Law of the Olympic Games Law 451D – Sec. 001 (4-Credit Seminar) Spring 2010 Administrative Information Professor Joseph Weiler Instructor: Ken Cavalier E-mail: [email  protected] ubc. ca E-mail: [email  protected] net Phone: 604 – 822 – 4246 Phone: 604 – 581 – 0261 Office: Curtis 221 Instructor: Arun Mohan Instructor: Brian Schecter E-mail: [email  protected] comE-mail: [email  protected] com Phone: 604 – 375 – 3901 Class Schedule: Tuesday: 2 – 5 pm Classroom: UCLL 173 (Lower Level of the Leon and Thea Koerner University Centre) Evaluation Term paper accounts for 2/3 of the final grade. a. Approximately a 30 – 40 page paper is expected. b. The paper is due on Friday, April 30 by 4:30 p. m. c. Papers must be handed in at the Fish Bowl (Reception) Desk in paper format, and e-mailed to Professor Weiler in Word format. Class participation accounts for 1/3 of the final grade. a. A portion of the class participation mark will be based on a discussion that will be led by a student-group and center on the topics delineated in the course schedule (next page). b. A portion of the mark will be based on a discussion outline that must be created and handed out to the class—preferably by e-mail—at least a week before your particular discussion. c. A portion of the mark will be based on participating in the other discussions. Course Materials Students will read from the Course Kit, which will emailed to everyone. In addition, in preparation for the weekly discussions, the class will read the discussion outlines prepared by their fellow students, as well as materials from the suggested readings listed in these outlines. These materials will be available online and/or on course reserve. Schedule The course will follow the schedule detailed below: Week 1January 5Introduction and Administration Week 2January 12Administration: Group Topic Organization Week 3 January 19 The Olympic Movement: Setting the Stage -History, goals, values, benchmarks Week 4January 26 The Bid Process — Fairness, scandals, checks and balances – — Lessons from previous bids Guest: Don Rosenbloom (2010 Bid Corp) Student Discussants: Andy Roy: [email  protected] com Jon Conlin: [email  protected] com Week 5 February 2 Citizen Engagement and the Olympics Plebiscites, interest groups/watchdogs, community activation and mobilization -Housing Impacts: Positive and/or Negative? Guests: Rob VanWynsberghe (UBC: OGI Project) and Brenda Metropolit (VANOC) Student Discussants: Samuel Loeb: [email  protected] com Christian Nielsen: [email  protected] com Week 6 February 9 Eligibility to Play / Judging of Events â €“ Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs, Illegal Drugs, – Gender equity: the Women Ski Jumpers Case – Disability – Nationality – ADR-Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) – Comparison with professional sports and tours Guest: Nick Hopewell (Sports Lawyer) Student Discussants: Alexis Marach: [email  protected] com Week 7February 16No Class due to Midterm Olympic Games Break Week 8February 23No Class due to Midterm Olympic Games Break Week 9March 2Building and Operating the Games – Operation of the labour market, wage inflation and building costs, regulation of work stoppages employment equity strategies, use of volunteers Guests: Brian Dolsen (2010 Bid Corp, 2010 Legacies Now) and Roslyn Kunin (Canada West Foundation) Student Discussants: Alia Somji: [email  protected] com Peter Thoegersen: [email  protected] dk Emilie Vingtoft-Andersen: [email  protected] com Week 10March 9Revenue Sources: Sponsorship – Trademarks and Sponsorship – Exclusivity – Sponsors as â€Å"Olympic Partners† – Ambush marketing Guest: tba Student Discussants: Chris Filipchuk: c. [email  protected] com Alexandra Tratnick: [email  protected] com Week 11March 16 Revenue Sources: Broadcast -Television, radio, videogames, Internet: Are they complementary or competitive properties and platforms? -Domestic rights, global rights, valuation strategies -Distribution of revenue: IOC and NOCs and OCOGs -Relation to sponsorship Guests: tba Student Discussants: Audrey Lim: audry. [email  protected] com Neil Spencer: [email  protected] a Week 12 March 23 Sustainability and the Olympic Games -The Triple Bottom Line of Sustainability: Economic, Environmental and Social Sustainability Guests: Linda Coady, Margaret Dickson (VANOC) Student Discussants: Alasdair Shaw: [email  protected] gla. ac. uk Week 14 March 30 Aboriginal Inclusion: the Fo ur Host First Nations as Olympic Partners Guest: Tewanee Joseph, Executive Director, Paul Manning (Senior Consultant) : Four Host First Nations (FHFN) Secretariat Student Discussants: Victor Ing: [email  protected] ubc. ca Gina Wu: gina. cy. [email  protected] com Week 14April 6 Olympic Legacies: 2010 Legacies Now Building Better Communities -Sport and Recreation, Literacy, Arts, Volunteers Guests: Bruce Dewar (2010 Legacies Now) Student Discussants: Robert Pinsent: [email  protected] com Week 15April 13Cultural Olympiad -Torch Relay, Opening and Closing Ceremonies -Relation between Cultural Olympiad and other media and entertainment products during Games time -Ambush marketing and citizen protests -Cultural legacies UBC’s Role in the Games Guests: Michelle Aucoin, UBC Olympic Secretariat Student Discussants: Course Wrap-Up April 30 (Friday)Paper Due at 4:30 p. m. Via E-mail to Professor Weiler and Hard Copy to Fishbowl Office