PRACTICUM REPORT ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE ROLES, FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES OF THE KADUNA Essay

PRACTICUM REPORT ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE ROLES, FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES OF THE KADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT EDUCATION AUTHORITY, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION A practicum is a practical field of study which students studying Educational Administration and Planning must carry out as a partial requirement for the fulfillment of the award of Bachelor Degree in Educational Administration and Planning. The students who offer Educational Administration and Planning as their course of study are expected to within the period of their programme to be attached to any of the educational organizations so as to provide the students an opportunity to acquire practical knowledge on the administration of an educational organization, observing the functions of the educational administrators and planners, the structures and functions of the educational organization and the overall responsibility of its administration. 1.1 THE ROLES OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT EDUCATION AUTHORITY The roles of the local government education authority are concerned with the overall aspects of the primary education. This is further prescribed in the federal republic of Nigeria official Gazette (1988) establishing the then National Primary Education Commission which some provisions were upheld by the present Universal Basic Education Commission as follows; i. The day-to-day administration of primary schools within the Local Government Area; ii. Making recommendation on promotion and discipline of both teaching and non-teaching staff on GL. 07 and above to the state universal basic education board, iii. The appointment, posting, transfer, promotion and discipline of both teaching and non-teaching staff within the range of grade level 01-06; iv. Payment of salaries, allowances and other benefits to both teaching and non-teaching staff; v. Submission of detailed annual estimates, accounts, and monthly returns to the state Universal Basic Education Board; vi. Acquisition and distribution of materials and equipment to primary schools; vii. Understanding capital projects and general maintenance of primary school buildings and its infrastructure; viii. Arousing, promoting and encouraging communal participation in the running of primary schools in the Local Government Area; ix. Taking all reasonable and polite steps to ensure full enrollment and attendance in all primary schools within the  area; x. Payment for any land acquired for the purpose of educational development; xi. Supervising the district education committees within the local government area; xii. Intimating on regular basis feedback to the state universal basic education board on public reaction to government education measures within the area; and xiii. Rendering a detailed annual report to the State Universal Basic Education Board on the activities of the Local Government Education Authority during the preceding year, especially on instructional activities. Read more:  Human Resource Roles and Responsibilities 1.2 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY This practicum report is restricted to the administrative roles, functions and structures of various departments in operational in the Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority. This study will attempt to seek the method of decision making, communication channel and how discipline is maintained in the Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority. 1.3 THE LOCATION AND BRIEF HISTORY OF THE KADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY The Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority is located along Abubakar Kigo and Nassarawa Roads respectively. At the Northern and Southern parts it bounded by Igabi and Kaduna south local government areas respectively. It is being housed on a storey building that contains twenty-four (24) offices. The Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority originated from the ancient educational tradition. The emirs and chiefs assisted by another community leaders at their respective domains were the sole authority responsible for appointing within the community credible personalities to give or train the children of the community and to report back to the emirs and chiefs. This system of administration was restructured to Native Authority at the advent of the colonial administration where Kaduna Metropolis was placed under the administrative jurisdiction of the Zaria Native Authority with the component unit responsible for grassroots education existing alongside as being one of the social services which the Native Authority was responsible for providing to the community. The Native Authority System of administration was in operational when the need to reform it was conceived. It was subsequently declared and reformed as the third tier of Government known as Local  Government Council with the unit responsible for primary education proclaimed a department. The history of the Local Government Education Department, Kaduna North will not be complete without being related to the mother Local Government Council as it serves as the sole source of funding and administrative discipline for the education department though, some of these functions were removed at the promulgation of Decree No. 31 establishing the National Primary Education Commission by the Federal Military Government as supported by the Federal Republic of Nigeria official Gazette of 17th August 1988 respectively. In spite of the overhauling and the reformation in the education sector that brought the Universal Basic Education Authority was still maintained. The Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority was created in 1991 by the Federal Military Government with the Administrative mandate to occupy the Headquarters of the then Local Government Education Authority, Kaduna. This was necessary as the Headquarters was located within the administrative of the Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OFKADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT EDUCATION AUTHORITY The Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority is consisting of six (6) departmental head with the educational secretary coordinating the activities of these departments which are mentioned below; i. Department of Human Resource Management ii. Department of Finance and Accounts iii. Department of Planning, Research and Statistics iv. Department of school services v. Department of social mobilization and knowledge management vi. Department of quality assurance The administrative structure of the Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority is shown below; i. The Education secretary ii. The Departmental heads of the various departments iii. The Units head iv. The Other subordinates staff 2.1 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY The hierarchy of the Local Government Education Authority, Kaduna North provides that the education secretary is the chief administrative and accounting officer who is responsible for coordinating the functions of the various departments of the local government education authority. THE DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT This department performs such duties as; i. Recruitment of teaching and non-teaching staff on grade level 01-06; ii. Deployment and transfer of both teaching and non-teaching staff on grade level 01-06; iii. Preparation of pensions list of retirees and intended retirees iv. Administering promotion advancement confirmations and discipline of staff within the range of grade level 01-06; v. Developing the personnel emolument budget for inclusion in the main budget of the Local Government Education Authority; vi. Developing and maintaining establishment workforce plan; vii. Developing job descriptions and schedule for the local Government Education Authority; viii. Reviewing responsibilities, duties and staffing needs including departmental functions; ix. Reviewing staffing levels and submit recommendations of such review to the state universal basic education board; x. Deployment of teachers to schools based on needs; xi. Preparing departmental reports to the state universal basic education board; xii. Preparing unit work plans and budget xiii. Developing and maintaining human resources policies. xiv. Establishing training needs or requirements and developing training plan for both teaching and non-teaching staff including induction programmes. xv. Recommending teaching and non-teaching staff for training and retraining. xvi. Identifying liaising with training service providers xvii. Maintaining training records xviii. Maintaining both confidential and open records. THE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS This department performs related functions such as:- i. Preparing payrolls and making payment of salaries, allowances and other benefits to both teaching and non-teaching staff; ii. Maintaining account and other financial records; iii. Making all payments from the LGEA accounts; iv. Collaborate to prepare annual budgets and estimates; v. Coordinating and controlling loans and advances; vi. Preparing monthly, quarterly and annual financial reports; vii. Preparing annual financial statements and ensuring they are ready for auditing; viii. Providing financial advice to the LGEA ix. Collaborating with the social mobilization and knowledge management to provide the LGEA stakeholder with financial update; x. Liaising with the local government council on financial matters; xi. Endorsing computed retirement benefits; xii. Maintaining records of all contributory pension issues; xiii. Collecting from SUBEB and distributing pay slip; xiv. Receiving funds from SUBEB and disbursing same on behalf of the LGEA; xv. Rendering financial returns to the state Universal Basic Education Board; xvi. Maintaining bank accounts; xvii. Maintaining store; xviii. Maintaining assets register; xix. Preparing bank reconciliation. THE DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING RESEARCH AND STATISTICS This department undertakes such related functions as:- i. Propose frameworks for the departmental work plan and implementation plans by departments; ii. Coordinating the development harmonizing the LGEA plans medium term strategic sector, department annual work plan and performance targets etc; iii. Coordinating the development and harmonizing the LGEA budgeting process; iv. Identifying schools to be constructed and renovated after due consolation with the department of school services; v. Rendering annual reports to the state universal Basic Education Board and local Government Council; vi. Preparing unit work plans and budgets; vii. Ensuring that individual work plans are developed, implemented and  monitored regularly; viii. Ensuring the availability and functioning of education management information system; ix. Supporting the ministry and the state universal basic education board in the designing of annual school census and other survey questionnaires for both primary and junior secondary schools levels; x. Supporting the administration and conduct of surveys. THE DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL SERVICES This department performs the following functions:- i. Establishment of early childhood care and development centers and overseeing the implementation of the curriculum meant for it; ii. Identifying and sharing staff needs with the human resources; iii. Identifying instructional materials need including textbooks and communicate to the education secretary and the universal basic education board; iv. Recommending to state universal basic education board the mode of instructional materials distribution based on school needs; v. compiling and forwarding school development needs to the department of planning research and statistics and other relevant units; vi. Recommending materials to be purchased such as textbooks and other instructional materials ; vii. Distributing both textbooks and other instructional materials to the schools and monitoring the usage of same viii. Overseeing library services in both primary junior secondary schools; ix. Coordinating the administration of exams for both primary and junior secondary schools x. Overseeing continuous assessment and ensure up to date class assessment records; xi. Coordinating curricular activities such as sports, health, clubs etc; xii. Providing counseling and guidance services to both primary and junior secondary schools; xiii. Maintaining records of pupils transiting to junior secondary school; xiv. Overseeing the provision of education for disabled children through facilitating integration of disabled pupils into regular schools; xv. Liaising with the state Universal Basic Education Board to provide education for children in nomadic communities; xvi. Coordinating school improvement initiatives; THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL MOBILIZATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT This department is responsible for the under listed duties/functions i. Developing strategies for community participation and mobilization; ii. Constructing alliance within the community, civil society non-governmental organizations etc to support educational development; iii. Ensuring the establishment and support of the ongoing school Based Management Committees within the schools; iv. Developing and implementing strategies for community mobilization, advocacy and integration at local Government Area, wards and community; v. Ensuring that community participates in the implementation of the Universal Basic Education Programs in local Government Areas; vi. Promoting enrolment, attendance , retention and completion of girls education and out of school children; vii. Monitoring and advising on the implementation of self-help projects; viii. Working with communities to promote access and equity; ix. Through advocacy, sensitization, mobilization create platform for community enlightenments or awareness and participation in local Government Education Authority activities x. Facilitating community supports for schools xi. Strengthening communication between the State Universal Basic Education Board, Local Government Education Authority, Ward, Community and schools; xii. Producing materials for the LGA such as bulletin board etc; xiii. Ensuring adequate implementation of self-help project at the beneficiary schools. THE QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT The functions of this department are highlighted underneath i. Coordinating all quality assurance activities at the LGEA; ii. Establishing the LGEA works plans and schedules for the evaluation of primary schools and feed back to zonal offices; iii. Coordinating training and re-training of primary evaluation officers; iv. Creating conducive systems for monitoring the quality of the whole school evaluation and the evaluators and ensure implementation of follow up activities; v. Establishing a system for dealing with poor performing schools; vi. Setting an annual target based on the priorities of the LGEA; vii. Preparing an annual detailed report covering the activities of the LGEA; viii. Evaluating and re-accrediting primary schools within the LGEA at least once in three (3) years; ix. Ensuring that the LGEA Evaluators follow standards and bench marks for evaluation of schools; x. Providing feedback to schools on  evaluation reports; xi. Producing instruments for school evaluation; xii. Preparing work plans and budget for the unit; xiii. Creating and maintaining database of all evaluation documents. 2.2 THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE KADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT EDUCATION AUTHORITY Figure 1: Present the organizational structure of the Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority CHAPTER THREE 3.0 THE METHODOLOGY OF DECISION MAKING According to Fred C. Lunenburg and Allan C. Ornstien (2008) sees decision making as â€Å"the process of choosing from among alternatives†. Therefore, decision making is generally the thinking that follows alternative solutions aimed at arriving at the eventual remedy that is called decision making. The ability of an organization to function effectively depending solely on the type of leader it has. This is also the same with the functioning of organizations which depend on the kind of decisions made concerning it. This assertion is true because whatever plans of action an organization takes is the product of a decision. Whether such a decision proves effective for the organization or ineffective depends on how reasonable and relevant such a decision was. Consequently, decision making in an organization as it affects the Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority will be briefly examined with a view to ascertaining how sound decisions can be arrived at and who should be involved in the decision making. 3.1 THE MODE OF MAKING DECISION The Local Government Education Authority, Kaduna North takes decisions on issues that affect it collectively involving the principal officers drawn from various departments and sections. 3.2 DECISION MAKING MODEL The universally acceptable decision making adopted by the LGEA involves variety of steps through which it is hoped that individual will be enabled  to arrive at more reasonable decisions. i. Determining the problem and its scope: This is concern with identifying of the problem for which a decision is sought. It is critically thought over in order to fully understand and then defined and the actual limit of the problem known; ii. Analysis and Evaluation: The individual perceives the problem wholistically and decides whether or not a decision will be made to solve the problem. If it is irrelevant then the idea of a decision is therefore dropped; iii. Formulating alternative solutions: This explains that when individual has agreed to make a decision on the problem. He then develops alternative solution to the problem he intends to solve; iv. Determining workability of proposed alternatives: this assists in determining the possible effects after having compared the formulated alternatives with a view to helping the individual to have an idea of the best alternative to take; v. Selecting one alternative: this is the selecting of alternative which presents more favorable related consequences to unfavorable ones as the probable decision; vi. Test-out: This is the putting into practical action the alternative solution chosen on the basis of trial; vii. Evaluation of alternatives: This is the assessment of consequences arising during the trial period of the selected alternative. If the consequences are found to be positive and sound, the alternative then becomes the decision. CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 COMMUNICATION According to A. Owan Enoh, Becky B. Bamanja and Roy O. J. Onuwuka (1987) define communication as a process of ‘disseminating information from and to every member of such an organization’. It is generally, viewed and as a system of linking the individual, the group and the organization. 4.1 CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION The most common used channels of communication in the Kaduna north local government education authority involves the following i. Ideating: The development of an idea, message, or information to transit/disseminate to the subordinates to the members of the community; ii. Encoding: This is the idea that the sender intends to convey or transmit to the individual and  even the public. Symbols such as words. Non-verbal cues or picture and even diagrams are designed to disseminate messages; iii. Transmitting: This segment of communication channels takes place as soon as the message is developed. This includes several methods such as memoranda, circular, telephone, board policy or management policy statement and face-face communication. iv. Receiving: This channel requires that the receiver should be a good listener to the oral message. In other words, if the message is written, the receiver must be attentive to its specified and implied meaning. v. Decoding: This is referring to the translation of an already received message into a perceived or interpreted meaning. The ability of the receiver is to take transmitted messages and give meaning to them. vi. Acting: this is the last communication channels. it involves putting into action or practice the information so far conveyed or disseminated for the positive improvement of an organization. 4.2 COMMUNICATION PROCESS Direction of communication There are basically two (2) ways of communication flow or direction viz; downward and upward systems but the one that is commonly in used in the Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority which is the downward communication will be briefly discussed below; Downward communication is referred to the communication pattern in an organization where directives are issued from a higher point of administrative function to a lower one. This could further be illustrated as when the education secretary gives directives to the departmental heads of the Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority who are as well accountable to the central administrative function. CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 METHOD OF MAINTAINING DISCIPLINE IN KADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT EDUCATION AUTHORITY The term discipline is defined in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2005) as ‘the practice of training people to obey rules and orders and punishing them if they do not; the controlled behavior or situation that results from this training’. From the above definition  therefore, discipline is the ability to obey rules and others which are formulated and regulated by the constituted authority. The methods of maintaining discipline in the Kaduna North Local Government Education Authority among its employees is categorized into two(2) viz. staff within the range of grade level 01-06 and staff from grade level 07 above The discipline of staff on grade level 01-06 is purely the responsibility of the Local Government education authority and this occur when an employee is alerted of the implications of his/her action and as well informed of the decision of the management ag ainst him or her. Though these disciplinary measures varies from the magnitude of the offence committed. Some offences attracted instant dismissal considering their seriousness. The discipline of staff on grade level 07 and above rests solely on the state universal basic education board. Though the process of administering such discipline starts from the local government education authority by bringing to the attention of the board the type of offence an employee committed and the detailed recommended disciplinary measures due to imposed on the offender. 5.1 THE AIMS OF DISCIPLINE IN KADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT EDUCATION AUTHORITY Discipline is significant in any human or organization like the Local Government Education Authority. It is through enforcement of discipline that peaceful and harmonious conduct of organizational activities are successfully carried out by the personnel that further result in the attainment of the desired goals of the organization. Discipline regulates the conduct of daily activities of the personnel to conform to the laid-down rules and regulations. 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS i. Releasing the need and importance of offering admission to the youth to undergo this programme, those who are within the range of participating in the National Youth Service Corps assignment, necessary arrangements be put in place to enable them take part in the National Programme at the completion of their educational programmes; ii. In recognition the functions and importance of planning in an organization, the management of the university will dialogue with the government with a view to considering graduates of educational and ministration and planning to serve as education  administrators and planners. iii. Considering the fact that, this programme is purely of education administrators and planners, effort be made to remove teaching practice from the course content and be replaced with industrial attachment. iv. As examinations are uniformly conducted across the nation’s institution the adoption of uniform implementation of educational polices by the Local Government Education Authorities is paramount. BIBLIOGRAPHY The Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette No.53 (17 Aug.1988) Vol.75. A. Owan Enoh, Becky B.Bamaja and Roy O. J Onwuka (1987); a Handbook of Educational Foundations: Challenge Press, Jos, Nigeria. Fred C. Lunenburg and Allan C. Orstein [2008]; Educational Administration, Concepts and Practices: fifth Edition: Printed in the United States of America.

Project Shakti Essay

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Brave New World Diction Essay

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Hypervisor Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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SPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Introduction to Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Introduction to Leadership - Coursework Example (Dale, Ernest, 1969) Prioritizing Tasks: Planning the work to be done is an important aspect of management. If the work isn't planned it either won't finish on time or even if finished it will lack effectiveness and efficiency. Work load can cause de-motivation and can be a reason for bad health. It is important to prioritize the work according to its importance and urgency. It isn't necessary that all important tasks are urgent but all urgent tasks are important. Importance and urgency of a task depend upon the impact that it would have if it is not completed. The work which is of high importance and high urgency should be number one on the priority list and then comes the work of high importance and low urgency, for e.g. if a person has to deal with two important projects at the same time- one with a deadline of tomorrow and other is that after a week, the project of tomorrow's deadline will be prioritized and after its completion other project will be handled. The tasks which are not important but urgent should be number three on the list for e.g. a co-worker’s request to help him with a small task and lastly the tasks which are neither important nor urgent for e.g. dealing and administrating activities. Time Management: Time is business's most important resource and plays a critical role at work place and achieving goals and tasks. Effective time management and productivity go hand in hand; the more productive you are the better time is managed. (Dale, Ernest.1969) Time should be spent on tasks according to the priorities set which will eventually lead to completion of important projects, tasks or goals. Planning and allocating your time hold the most important position in this. Time planning could be done for operational- day to day activities and for long term strategic activities. The first step to time management is to analyze how we spent our time. Second step is to analyze how should we spent our time, this should take into account all the urge nt and important tasks to be done. Third step should be to make effort to reduce the difference between what is done and what should be done. For e.g. If a certain task is completed in 2 hours and it could have been completed in 1 hour, steps should be taken to reduce all the time wasting activities so that most optimum use of time can be done and another task can be completed in the remaining one hour. This will lead to not only completion of job on the time but it will also give additional time to recheck the work and quality of work can be improved too. An attached concept to time management is delegation of work. Manager's time is the most precious resource of the organization and it shouldn't be wasted in small unproductive tasks which add nothing to the organization. Rather smaller tasks of less importance should be delegated to subordinates. This will not only help managers to spent their time on strategic and higher level activities but this will also enhance the chances of subordinates training and learning. It is important that delegation of tasks is done with clarity to avoid any conflicts. Delegation should also take place after considering the subordinates competence to do that task properly. Flexibility: Incorporating flexibility into a work plan is extremely important. Rigid plans leads to uneasiness and difficulty. A work plan should be made in such a way which could be adjusted according to circumstances.

'In Defense of Food An Eater's Manifesto' By Michael Pollan Essay

'In Defense of Food An Eater's Manifesto' By Michael Pollan - Essay Example We are weak in a sense that we need to consult doctors and therapist to know what we must eat and follow the logo that processed food containers hold. We go by mob psychology without giving any judgment to what actually is the truth. Other animals and organisms do not have such requirements, they are capable of making a decision what they should eat and they eat what nature has offered them. Our story is different as we need a variety of different things to eat to stay fit and healthy. The author has thrown light upon the biased nature of human beings regarding what to eat, how much to eat and what sequence to follow. We have set certain parameters regarding with what a particular food item will go. This tendency came in picture because of a lot of variety has captured the market with guiding and misguiding food-labeling rules. Genetically modified food and all the variety of processed food has taken us away from our roots. What we are eating today is totally different from what our ancestors have eaten and most probably what our mothers have eaten. Food comes with various logos some are stating that they may protect against cancer but actually it has no such role. Some of the food items presented in the market are the result of vague kind of research that has been carried out in the market, for e.g. the genetically modified food are gaining much prominence these days. "Genetically Engineered" food is grown, manufactured, created, developed or changed by utilizing the techniques that brings changes in molecular or cell biology of an organism. This technique cannot be exploited in nature or under natural conditions. These techniques are mostly based on recombinant DNA technology, cell fusion, micro- and macroencapsulation, gene deletion or duplication, introduction of any gene from other organism through microinjection or by the process of transgenesis where the desired foreign gene is inserted in the early sates of development and also the techniques based on altering the position of the genes. The process does not include propagation, conjugation, fermentation, hybridization, in vitro fertilization and tissue culture method (Grubesic, 2005). These marketed food products are highly advertised in the TV, newspapers and magazines with big claims but according to the author the best food is what our grandmothers have eaten and recommends us. In the present era, in order to make maximum gains people are adopting unfair means to market the products by decorating them through packaging and variety of other methods to attract women and children. These processed food have no true food value and incorporate food additives for manufacturing, stuffing or in packaging, dispensation, preparing, treating, and packaging, food additives may also be used when long distance transporting is to be done or when the food item is to be kept for long duration. Now-a-days radiations are given to ensure the safety of food from chemicals. The food is labeled with the name of the company or firm or by any legal or commercial entity. If the research has provided us with the processed food items then research has also provided us the information about the repercussions of eating such products. The author has therefore recommended that if we eat modified food which claims to be rich in nutrition and possess

Torture under International Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Torture under International Criminal Law - Essay Example Facts reveal that it can be committed at times of war and at peace, to a prisoner of war, a suspected civilian or a common criminal. It is defined in various international and regional laws, conventions and statutes in an attempt to curb its practice by numerous states. While originally covered in international human rights and international humanitarian laws, a number of theorists relegated it to another branch international law – that of international criminal law. The prominent definition of torture is embodied in section 1(1) of Convention Against Torture 1, to wit: â€Å"any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions† (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d., para. 4). Four elements must exist to be considered torture under the definition, which are: a) the act must be done with intent, b) there is extreme pain and suffering , c) done for the purpose of eliciting information or other objectives, and d) consented by a public official (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). The second element poses issues and disagreement as to the determination of pain and suffering, being subjective to the victim (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). The same degree of pain can produce different effects upon a strong young man and an old sickly person (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). While ill-treatment is not properly defined in the conventions, case

How and to what extent performance management in the public sector has Essay

How and to what extent performance management in the public sector has changed under contemporary managerial reforms Identify a - Essay Example In pursuit for reforms in the management of the public sectors, there have been radical changes in the last two decades on how governments do their management; there has been outsourcing of those management practices and techniques from the private-for –profit sectors with the purpose of reforming the government (public) sector. Since then, several countries have adopted these practices; Australia, New Zealand, and UK are some of the countries that have adopted the practices in the public sector management (Aulich, Halligan and Nutley 2001, p.46). Even though the system is widely believed to be associated with the developed countries, in the recent decade, its application has been witnessed in a number of the transitional and developing economies. These contemporary techniques and practices sourced from the private sector to the public sector are referred to as New Public Management, NPM (Eliassen and Sitter 2008, p.58). Pressures for Change NPM adoption came with the rising p ressure from other quarters; it is a change process that has been adopted because of agitation from several sectors and interested groups. Some of the reasons that led to the adoption of the new strategy of public management included; Fiscal and Economic Pressure on the Governments This problem was first witnessed in the developed countries before spreading to the developing countries of Africa and Asia, lately; it was also witnessed in the Asian tiger Economies. There were fiscal stress that was necessitated by enormous public sector deficit, spiraling indebtedness, and unfavorable balance of trade. This fiscal problem made it possible for the reconstruction of the public sector through rethinking, reshaping what the role of the government is, to counter the problems that were facing the public sector, drastic measure of privatization, contracting, and downsizing became the available options (Bovaird and Loffler 2009, p.37). There was also public outcry on the leathery and the bure aucratic nature of the old order, the increased criticism from the public on the ineffectiveness and inefficiencies associated with public delivery of services occasioned the need for change. The old order was criticized for its slow and unresponsiveness that is driven by the established rules rather than its performance. The international consultants on management ideas advised most of the government on the need to change the management of the public sector by integrating some of the management tools from the private sectors (Ferlie, Laurence and Christopher, 2005, p.84). Finally, for the transitional and developing countries, there change has been necessitated by the donor agencies; it has been one of the conditions for lending form the international financial institution like the World Bank and the IMF. Changes Noted in the Public Sector following NPM As stated above in introductory part there was need for more efficient and effective of the public sector resources, in this regar d several tools used in the management have been used that are sourced from the private sector to improve the performance of the public sector organization following the failure of the traditional systems used. In effecting this, several changes have been seen from the traditional order of public sector management, these changes have been

Local population rights to boost economy through tourism in government Essay

Local population rights to boost economy through tourism in government restricted areas - Essay Example A country's prime area that consists of natural and cultural interest gets assigned the status of a protected area at a national level and also international level. Therefore, much tourism takes place in these areas as the tourists are curious on why the area needs to remain protected. Countries that have protected areas usually do it to preserve their natural and cultural heritage. For instance, countries in the UAE restrict most of their sites to people who are not dressed according to their culture. The women are particularly affected by this as they are required to be in covered clothing and hijab as a sign of respect for the culture. The local population in these places has been having endless debates with the government concerning the restrictions of uncovered women in the areas. The women do not have to cover themselves as it is not part of their culture or tradition. The restrictions have led to these areas not receiving as many tourists as they would be receiving if not for the limitation.

Elements of Moral Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Elements of Moral Philosophy - Essay Example The utilitarian primary goal is to maximize happiness. John Mill defined happiness as an existence exempt as far as possible from pain and highest possible enjoyment in both quality and quantity. In other words, if people want to embrace utilitarianism moral viewpoint, they would consider these principles to be morally binding. He claims that happiness is a foundation of morality since people desire to be happy. He also supports the claim, arguing that everything that human desires are to bring happiness. Mill argues that justice is based on utility since the rights are put in place for the human happiness. However, there is no agreement about the goals as people view happiness with considerable disagreement. People from varying cultural background may disagree more profoundly with these views. Utilitarian do not put more emphasis on the importance of motive when analyzing the moral of the action. Motives may be acceptable for an action if they deliver a positive outcome and overall best consequences. For instance, an individual may rescue people from an accident to get recognition; however, this does not take away from the good outcome. However, this theory has been criticized by arguing that happiness is not the only important thing. Critics argue that the theory does not provide enough protection for individual rights, as well as not everything cannot be measured by the same standards. Other issues have not been considered such as rights, justice, depression personal relationships, and neglecting our normal lives.

Negotiation Mistake Essay Example for Free

Negotiation Mistake Essay Negotiating is hard, no one denies it, but its also a valuable skill. An expert from Carnegie Mellon told BNET that if you fail to negotiate a higher salary just once at the start of your career, you can expect to leave $1-2 million on the table throughout your working life due to raises being calculated from a lower starting point. Thats conclusive proof that you need to negotiate, but its not enough to just give it a whirl, you also need to do it right. Unfortunately, there are plenty of ways to get things wrong, according to Margaret Neale, director of Stanford Business Schools executive education program in negotiation. Citing her expertise, Stanfords Knowledgebase recently outlined six common negotiation pitfalls that commonly trip people up. Some, like treating cross-cultural negotiations like local ones, are only applicable to fairly narrow situations, but the three below could apply to nearly any negotiation: Thinking the pie is fixed. Usually its not. You may make this common mistake when there is a congruent issue, when both parties want the same thing. For example: In the context of an overall negotiation involving salary, bonus, and vacation, the boss wants to transfer a junior manager to San Francisco. The manager is eager for the San Francisco assignment. But frequently, the employee will look at the situation and believe that since the boss gave him a desired promotion the employee must compromise on the transfer location. The employee might actually suggest a transfer to Atlanta. His psychology is: I cant expect to get everything I want, so Ill take the middle. The boss is ambivalent about the transfer and figures she can get someone else to go to San Francisco. You think it is unlikely an employee in a career negotiation would miss such an obvious opportunity? Neale repeatedly has performed this exercise in her classes and finds that 20 to 35 percent of the students assume its a fixed pie and miss an opportunity to get what both parties want. Failing to pay attention to your opponent. Negotiators need to analyze the biases their opponents bring to the table. How will they evaluate your offers? One way to get inside your opponents head and influence his attitude is to shape the issues for him, a technique called framing. If you get your opponent to accept your view of the situation, then you can influence the amount of risk he is willing to take. For example, you are a purchasing manager renegotiating an hourly wage contract with a subcontractor. The subcontractor currently makes $10 an hour. You are willing to elevate the subcontracting firm to $11 an hour. Another organization recently boosted its rate with your subcontractor to $12 an hour. You know that when the negotiators for your subcontractor hear your $11 offer, they may think they are going to have to give up a dollar an hour. You must get them to focus on the point you are starting from $10, not $12. You frame the issue positively by talking about all the ways your contract is different from the others. Your contract has some advantages outside of the hourly pay. The other side will be more willing to risk lower wages for the purported other benefits. A common mistake is negotiating from a negative frame: The other firms deal offers more, but we can afford only $11. Paying too much attention to anchors. Anchors are part of a bargaining dynamic known as anchoring and adjustment. This involves clearly setting the parameters for negotiation. For example, a couple was selling their house for $500,000. The first offer came in at $375,000, which was too low to consider. If the couple had acknowledged the offer with a counter, they would have started bargaining somewhere between $500,000 and $375,000. Instead, they responded that it was not a reasonable offer and told the buyers to come back when they had a decent offer. The buyers came back at $425,000. The seller then countered at $495,000. The buyers then came up to $430,000, but the sellers still didnt accept the offer. The buyers argued that they had come up $55,000 from $375,000. But the sellers were careful to remind them that $375,000 was not their starting point; rather, it was $425,000, the first reasonable offer. Using that anchor, the sellers argued that they had come down $5,000 from $500,000 and the buyer had come up $5,000 from $425,000. Both had moved the same amount in negotiations. One more round of bidding had the house sold for a price well above the buyers initial bid. The point is: Youve got to watch the anchors and where they are set, says Neale.

Capacity Management And International Operations Management Commerce Essay

Capacity Management And International Operations Management Commerce Essay Capacity management lies at the core of every successful operational strategy whether service or manufacturing. It is part of a larger corporate strategy which is a long term plan to achieve a certain target (Jones and Kutsch, 2007). It is imperative for every organization to know how well its capacity is being utilized as its long term success is based on it (Krajewski and Ritzman, 2002). Capacity measurement helps determine the overall operational costs and forms the basis of important decisions like expansion (Yu Lee, 2002). This paper will endeavour to resolve the capacity management issues of a health facility called Fitness Plus in Greensboro, North Carolina. Fitness Plus began its operations in a large suburban park in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1991. Under health and sports it provides fitness, relaxation and recreational facilities operating 7 days a week (For details see Appendix 1). Customers use the facilities having subscribed to yearly memberships. Lately the area of Greensboro has expanded in population and businesses. Growth in population increased health awareness in residents and has increased demand for fitness facilities. Other health centres have also opened namely YMCA, Oasis and Golds Gym. YMCA offers full range of facilities, Golds Gym has only cardiovascular and weight training and Oasis is restricted to only adults over 16 years of age. Available data indicates that by May 2002 members visiting Fitness Plus every hour during peak time (4 7pm) had doubled to 80 from 1997. The average visits per hour increased from 15 to 25 in a typical day resultantly the facility got overcrowded and complaints arose about non-availability of equipment. Most number of complaints arise in the specific areas of aerobics, nautilus and cardiovascular. The capacity of Fitness Plus needs to be measured and planned properly in order to form an effective operational strategy both in the long and short terms. There are two options available i.e. first is to effectively manage the existing facility which will take few months and second is to build a new facility in the downtown area which might take upto a year to become operational. Due to financial and time constraints a short term solution is needed for now and a long term later. In the following report the capacity issues of Fitness Plus will be discussed in three sections A, B and C. In section A the capacity of Fitness Plus will be measured and analysed to see whether there is sufficient capacity to deal with the immediate issues of overcrowding and non-availability of equipment. Section B will ascertain which capacity strategy would be appropriate for Fitness Plus with the necessary justifications. In section C the adopted strategy would be described in detail and linked with other types of operating decisions i.e. finance, HR, marketing and supply chain. Lastly in the conclusion the crux of main issues and solutions would be summed up. Section A / Question 1: Capacity measurement with details There is no fit for all formula for capacity measurement as businesses vary in their nature and details. A theatre measures capacity in terms of seats and a job shop can measure capacity in number of machine hours (Krajewski, Ritzman and Malhotra, 2010). Jones and Kutsch (2007) are of the opinion that space and equipment hold primary position in capacity measurement thus the measurement would be centered around them. Main complaints are from two issues i.e. unavailability of equipment (Cardiovascular, Nautilus and aerobics) and workout activities being overcrowded. Thus the focus of capacity management in aerobics should be on space and equipment for the workout activities in peak hours. According to the study it is noted that peak times are between 4-7pm and total number of members visiting between that time is 240 (80 per hour). For analysis purpose the figures from the conducted survey (Appendix 1) have been used as following: Nautilus: It consists of 24 pieces of equipment and it is assumed that on an average each member takes 45 minutes to complete the whole course. In one hour the total number of members able to use the equipment would be (60 minutes / 45 minutes x 24 equipments = 31 members). The current usage during peak time is 25% of capacity equalling 20 members per hour. Cardiovascular: It has 29 pieces of equipment and it is assumed that each member takes 45 minutes to complete the exercise. Thus in one hour the total number of members able to use the equipment would be (60 minutes / 45 minutes x 29 equipments = 38 members). The current usage during peak hour is 40% of capacity equalling 32 members per hour. Aerobics: The facility can accomodate 35 members in one session and normally each session lasts for one hour. Thus the current usage during peak hour is 30% of capacity equalling 24 members per hour. Free weights: The case study doesnt hold any details about the space or type of available equipment. There are no complaints arising and 20% of the members use the facility during peak hours which equals 16 members so we assume that it is being utilized appropriately. Recreational activities: There is sufficient room available to accomodate the members during peak hours. Six tennis courts can accomodate between 12 to 24 members to play either 6 single or double games where as currently only 8 members play tennis during peak hours. Same is the case for 8 racquet ball courts which can accomodate between 16 to 32 members for 8 singles or doubles matches. During peak time only 12 members play racquet ball. The assumptions are based on the average calcuaton of each game to last for 1 hour. In case of longer game sessions still there are plenty of courts available to accomodate the demand. Detail of equipment and space are as following: Further analysis: Yu Lee (2002) is of the opinion that correct measurement of capacity is a pre-requisite for the effective management because correct decisions are always based on correct observations. It is a dilemma that one can not precisely measure the utilization capacity for service organizations as it needs constant surveys and observations (Jones and Kutsch, 2007). It has been observed that all the capacity measurements which can be taken are based on the primary data i.e. equipment condition, physical space, type of members, frequency of use, the type of equipment and support system (Yu Lee, 2002). For Fitness Plus another useful capacity measurement technique would be Utilization which is used for equipment, workforce or space. Utilization is the ratio between actual average output of the equipment and the maximum capacity (Krajewski et al., 2010). Utilization = (Average output rate / Maximum capacity) x 100% From the data available in (Figure 1) we can measure the utilization of diffferent equipments as following: Nautilus utilization = 20/31 x 100% = 64.5% (35.5% below capacity) Cardiovascular utilization = 32/38 x 100% = 84.21% (15.79% below capacity) Free weights utilization = 16/16 x 100% = 100% (Full capacity). Tennis courts utilization = 8/12 x 100% = 66.66% (33.33% below capacity) Racquet ball courts utilization = 12/16 x 100% = 75% (25% below capacity) Aerobics Utilization = 24/35 x 100% = 68.5% (31.5% below capacity) For aerobics the full capacity of the room is 35 members at one time which is way above the peak time average of 24 members. Scheduling of aerobics room can be the cause of the problem as the same room is twice a week dedicated for classes of yoga. Based on the above results it can fairly be said that Fitness Plus has enough capacity to effectively manage its existing facility and reduce complaints. There is also a need to determine the type of memebers using the facilities in peak hours i.e. family groups, under 16 students and working adults etc. It will be essential for both short and long term capacity strategies to cater for these groups separately in order to gain the competitive edge. A study should also be conducted to check the codition of the equipment as complaints might have arose partially due breakdown. It should also determine popular machines among the members specially for the cardiovascular and nautilus so the least popular be replaced with the more popular ones to increase the existing capacity. All capacity management plans not only determine the current usage of capacity but also take into account the future fluctuatins in demand. Existing or planned capacity should always leave sufficient cushion for adjustments (Krajewski et al., 2010). Capacity cushion is calculated as 100% minus the percentage of utilization. Upto 10% is considered sufficient to adjust demand fluctuations over time. Capacity cushion = 100% Utilization rate (%) In case of busy health facilities any number of customers can come at any time to use the equipment or space varying the demand significantly thus 20% capacity cushion would be more appropriate to maintain good customer service levels and to suatain any membership increases. Calculations are as following: Nautilus cushion = 100% 64.5% (utilization rate %) = 35.5% Cardiovascular cushion = 100% 84.21% (utilization rate %) = 15.79% Free weights cushion = 100% 100% (assumed utilization rate %) = 0% Tennis courts cushion = 100% 66.66% (utilization rate %) = 33.33% Racquet ball courts cushion = 100% 75% (utilization rate %) = 25% Aerobics cushion = 100% 68.5% (utilization rate %) = 31.5% Fitness Plus equipment and facilities have sufficient existing cushion. The only exceptions are cardiovascular equipment with 15.79% which is not too low and free weights equipment. There is no data available for free weights thus an assumed utilization of 100% is considered which can not be true in reality. On the basis of above calculations and analysis it can be fairly said that Fitness Plus has sufficient capacity to deal with current and future demand fluctuations. An efficient capacity management can result in a significant decrease in complaints and increase service levels and customer satisfaction. Section B / Question 2: Capacity strategy and justification One of the most difficult challenges service managers face is to cope well with uneven demand. The frequent flucuations in demand can lower service levels or result in under utilisation of resources. To avoid these consequences service firms can either adjust their capacity according to the changing demands, influence a change in demand patterns to suit their capacity or a combination of both (Krajewski et al., 2010) (see below figure 2): There are three main capacity strategies i.e. level capacity, chase demand and demand management. Each of these strategies should be adopted when its advantages out weight the disadvantages. Most often operation managers are required to keep low costs, decrease investments and at the same time provide excellent customer service levels making it all the more important for organizations to adopt a mixture of these approaches (Jones and Kutsch, 2007). Fitness Plus should adopt a mixed capacity plan for both its short and long term strategy as explained and justified in the following paragraphs: Level capacity: The capacity is maintined at a constant level all along the planning period and any fluctuations in demand are ignored. High under utilization of resources can make this capacity option very expensive but also very useful where the opportunity cost of single lost sale is very high like in jewellery retailing or real estate (Jones and Kutsch, 2007). At Fitness Plus there is always a possibility of a large number of members coming in any time and very low number of members in off-peak season resulting in either a waiting line or under utilization thus a pure level capacity plan would not be suitable. Chase demand: Chase demand is opposite to level capacity as it tries to match the capacity levels according to the changing demand patterns. It is very difficult plan to act upon as it needs flexible working hours, different number of staff and often different number of euipment in each period. It is suitable for companies which produce either perishable goods or cannot store their outputs such as customer processing. It has a clear advantage of having the appropriate level of staff all the time according to the demand of a particular season (Krajewski et al., 2010). This method requires adjustment of capacity through different means i.e. offering over time in peak and lesser hours in off-peak periods, varying number of employees according to the seasonal requirements, part time contracts and subcontracting (Jones and Kutsch, 2007). Fitness Plus would need to chase demand in the below aspects: As per available data members complain about waiting for the availabiliity of equipment. Application of a waiting line model will increase the service levels by effectively managing the existing capacity and chasing the current demand. A survey is proposed to check which machines are in demand, increasing their numbers and decreasing the least used ones to be in line with the existing demand. A waiting line model will not be suitable for aerobics because the class is preplanned and majority of the members arrive just before the start thus mixing schedules between aerobics and yoga can solve the problem. The number of employees would need to be rescheduled to increase the current service levels. It will reduce excess staff during slower times shifting them to peak times resulting in more personal attention, interaction and customer satisfaction. Developing a new facility will also chase the increase in demand which is expected due to new businesses down town. Demand management: The objective of this strategy is to shift the burden of peak period to off-peak period. Either the demand is changed through various methods or alternate products or services are offered to fill off-peak capacity. The most widely applied method in service industry is pricing to shift the peak demand to off-peak when people are not very interested in buying. Advertising also helps to smooth demand but is expensive and if is un-planned can result in financial loss. Organizations with different demand patterns develop new products and services covering the whole year i.e. univerities filling the lecture rooms during vacations (Jones and Kutsch, 2007). Fitness Plus will be managing demand in certain aspects of its startegy: It is proposed that Fitness Plus should either slightly rise prices during the peak times or provide services which cost lesser to manage demand. They should offer different types of memberships with different prices called price optimization. A non-pricing strategy of advertising off-peak services to waiting customers during peak times would also balance the peak and off-peak demands. Distributing off-peak service coupons during peak times, discounted tickets for relaxation services like massage, health supplements or energy drinks can be offered to balance the demand year round. Through a system of reservations Fitness Plus can fill its capacity and move the excess memberships to the off-peak period by booking a slot when capacity is available to manage it more effectively. Another option can be to partially restrict access of members during peak periods. During peak times mostly members would be working executives thus a restriction can be applied on under 16 members. To compensate them student membership rates can be offered in the off-peak period to encourage members to come more often in off-peak. Employee scheduling should reduce the excess staff during slower times by shifting more employee to peak times. It will result in more customer satisfaction and effective demand management. Often service companies have to opt a mixed capacity strategy as it is very hard to forecast demand and balance existing capacity (Jones and Kutsch, 2007). Operational capabilities do not always match one of the three strategies thus a mixture of chasing and managing demand would be most suitable for Fitness Plus. Section C / Question 3: Capacity strategy and other operational decisions Any capacity decision an organization makes should always be in line with the supply chains and processes within the organization. Taking into account the bigger operational picture is essential for a successful capacity strategy (Krajewski et al., 2010). Both short and long term strategies are discussed in this context below (See Figure 4): Short term strategy: Waiting line model: Peak demand most frequently results in waiting time increases for customers. Waiting line model is considered very useful for service organizations in resolving the problem (Krajewski et al., 2002). This model can be applied to the workout equipment as the waiting line is resulting in bottlenecks. Currently the system is catering for members individual service needs in multiple lines with a mixed arrangement of facilities on first come, first served basis. The arrival and service time distributions need to be calculated including line lengths, number of customers in the system, waiting time, total time in system and utilization of service facilities. After analyzing this data a new layout of the facility might be needed increasing the peak capacity and space for some equipment and reducing or eliminating some. Total 32 members visit the workout room during peak hours taking 45 minutes in completing their routines. On an average each member uses 2 machines during their stay with 20 minutes on each machine plus 5 minutes for the next one. Three customers get served with 20 minutes and an average the arrival rate comes to 2.5 times during an hour. If we take into account repeated visits we get a 80 per hour arrival rate (30 x 2.5) thus members wait approximately 8.6 minutes for a machine. To resolve it the most appropriate model would be a multiple channel, single phase as it will have a single line and more staff to deal with customers ( See Figure 3 below): Operationally this model will facilitate the marketing, HR, finance and supply chain aspects as during peak hours the waiting customers would be in a single line making it easier to display the marketing material on surrounding walls or screens. Financially it will save the expensive investment in media advertising and will make off-peak brochure distribution easier and to more interested existing customers. To serve on multiple service counter HR will need to schedule employees i.e. reducing the excess staff during slower times by shifting more employee to peak times resulting in better customer service. This model will also stream line the supply chain processes and increase service levels. During waiting line news telecasts and entertainment like BBC, Sky Sports etc with seated customer will create a calmer waiting environment and defuse any possible difficult situation. Price related strategy: Fitness Plus can reduce demand during peak hours by diverting surplus users either slightly rising prices or providing services which cost lesser. It can offer different types of memberships with different prices. The best price should be determined keeping in mind that no capacity constraint occurs which is called price optimization. Financially, increasing prices would generate extra revenues as per Shugan (2004) price optimization moves demand from peak to off peak times and increases revenues. But service firms are often hesitant due to its long term negative effects on the business. The presence of strong competitors often makes price increase decisions difficult as a customer can try competitor services and it might result in customer loss. Price increase startegy can also increase pressure on the over all supply chain as customers will start expecting higher service levels and seamless operations. By offering different type of memberships HR might need to recruit more staff to attend customer in both seasons. It can indirectly increase marketing costs as less expensive methods of selling to regular customers in peak season will become less effective due to lesser number of customers. Non-pricing strategies: Peak time is best to contact customers who might be interested in the off-peak offers and services (Kotler, 2001). It is highly likely to come across potential cusomers during Peak periods rather than less direct methods of advertising. In the earlier case customers have already shown their interest in the services and facilities. Thus it is far easier to sell them the off peak services or packages. While waiting for their turn customers can be shown different adverstisements to promote off-peak services which will save money for more expensive marketing campaigns. For regular members off-peak coupons can give further discounts or additional services with minimal incurring costs like massage, health supplements or energy drinks. Another strategy would be to develop a reservation system. It helps to shift the members to off-peak period who would otherwise be waiting during the peak period. When a customer calls to reserve a service or facility he should be given the slots with available capacity. The system works best if it is automated thus optimizing and balancing demand and capacity at the same time. These systems do improve the over all supply chain but also affect financial and HR related operational decisions as they are expensive and need trained staff to operate them. Fitness Plus can also partially restrict access of members during peak periods. A detailed study of the type of members visiting the facility would be needed. Once the data has been gathered on the usage pattern the decision of categorical restrictions can be applied. For example during peak times of 4-7 mostly members would be working executives thus in order to reduce access and optimise the capacity a restriction should be applied on under 16 members using the facility in the same period. To compensate them student membership rates can be offered during the off-peak period. This will encourage the excluded members to come more often during off peak periods. Fitness Plus should also have a survey to determine the popular equipment. The number of popular equipment should be increased and the least popular ones be decreased which will help fill the gap in member requirements. Operationally it can create a supply chain problem of disposing off the least popular equipment and can increase financial pressure of buying new machines. In case of aerobics section complaints there is a possibility of a mixed schedule between aerobics and yoga. A rescheduling of classes on the basis of members demand can ensure that the classes do not clash. It will affect the HR decisions as employee scheduling would be needed and over time might need to be paid. The employees of Fitness Plus also need to be scheduled in order to increase the service levels and reduce the excess staff during slower times. Shifting more employee to peak times will result in more customer satisfaction by having more personal attention and interaction. It will benefit the supply chain by improving process times and facilitating seamless operations. Long term strategies: There are three alternates in the long run which should be based on both qualitative and quantitative bench marking of competitors, capacity and cost estimates: Opening of a new facility downtown Minimal expansion within the current facility on available land Waiting and watching the demand conditions before making any expansion Because customers are already complaining and equipment is being used lesser than its maximum capacity there is some room for minor expansion of the existing facility but is limited due to lack of available land. As the population is increasing steadily and the only full range competitor is YMCA option 1 would be the best choice. It will create sufficient capacity ahead of customer demands. Once the new facility is announced it will be difficult for competitors to expand as it might over burden the market. Financially it is a big decision and would very much depend on the success of the short term strategies. Profits gained through short term measures will ease the financial pressure. Secondly going ahead with new facility downtown will need thorough supply chain planing as the distance between the facilities will make logistical decisions difficult and expensive. Lot of new job will be created and HR department will need to recruit and send and recieve staff between facilities for training and development purposes. It will be a big opportunity for marketing deparatment as lots of new campaigns, hoardings, billboards and advertisements would need to be developed. Conclusion: In this report the capacity issues of Fitness Plus were discussed in details in three sections. A measurement of existing capacity, justification of adopted strategy and links of proposed strategies with other operating decisions were sought. Both short and long term strategies are considered important but the immediate concern of Fitness plus should be to resolve the existing complaints of over crowding and non-availability of equipment. Firstly, in the short term price optimizing strategy of increasing peak prices and offering off-peak packages can work. If it is considered detrimental for the business non-pricing strategies can produce the desired results. Secondly, all the employees should be taken on board in the strategic decisions so that they can handle customer queries more professionally and maintain the desired service levels. Lastly, periodical reviews of the demand forecasting, complaints, equipment and service levels will ensure effective capacity utilzation. Accuracy of data should be maintained by comparing the existing demand with the forecasted demand so that a clear picture of the financial, operational and service needs is obtained. In the long run Fitness Plus needs to refer to its corporate objective and act accordingly either to effectively manage the current equipment and space or build a new branch over time. The earlier the long term strategy is initiated the better. Once the expansion plan is announced new memberships will prove to be a guage for its success and continuous monitoring of population growth, market trends and competitors will keep Fitness Plus ahead of its competitors.

How Individuals with Down Syndrome can Prosper in Life Essay -- Health

How Individuals with Down Syndrome can Prosper in Life Roger is a handsome blonde, blue-eyed boy but one can tell he is different from most other children.   His physical features are somewhat strange.   Roger's face is broader and his nasal bridge flatter than usual.   And his eyes, they appear to slant upward and have folds at the inner corners.   His mouth is small and the roof of his mouth is very narrow.   Not to mention his small ears which fold over a bit at the top.   Touching his hands they are tiny, his fingers shorter and his fifth finger seems to curve slightly inward.   These are all physical signs of a child with a disorder called Down syndrome, a chromosome disorder.   While there is no actual cure for Down syndrome I believe parents can give their children the opportunity to live longer, happier more capable lives than any prior generation of people with Down syndrome.   Children with Down syndrome have the potential to fit into society and lead normal lives by education, employment and support from a be tter-informed society.     Ã‚   One may ask why looking at a disorder like Down syndrome is important in relation to science.   This is because approximately three to five thousand children are born with Down syndrome each year.   And it is believed there are about two hundred and fifty thousand families in the United States who are affected by Down syndrome (Moss).   Down syndrome occurs when certain events occur during cell division to cause the wrong chromosome number as a result.   Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder characterized by the presence of an extra #21 chromosome.   Instead of having forty-six chromosomes in each of his/her cells, a person with Down syndrome has forty-seven.   It is believed that during cell ... ...nd make significant contributions to their communities every day (UPSIDE! Down Syndrome Society - Ramblings).   With education, employment, and support from a community an individual with Down syndrome can have a normal life and there is no limit to what he/she can accomplish. . Work Cited 1) Down Syndrome: For New Parents. 15 February 2004. 2) Kate Moss.   "Hearing and Vision Loss Associated with Down Syndrome." 15 February 2004.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3) Starr, Cecie. Basic Concepts in Biology.   United States: Thomson Learning, Inc., 2003. 4) Unger, Darlene. "Working in the community through supported Employment."   13 February  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2004. 5) "UPSIDE! Down Syndrome Society-Ramblings." 15 February 2004.  Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

A Whole New Brushing Experience, Mon! :: Analyzing Crest’s Whitening Expressions Advertise

Analyzing Crest’s Whitening Expressions Advertisement What do palm trees, fresh citrus, and teeth have in common? Crest’s new Whitening Expressions in Fresh Citrus Breeze of course. In the January 2005 issue of Seventeen Magazine Crest debuted a new advertisement for their new line of Whitening Expressions toothpaste, which featured their Fresh Citrus Breeze flavor in gel form. From this advertisement it is easy for the viewer to see the emphasis Crest is placing on their new product: Whitening Expressions. When first introduced, toothpaste was a chalky mint flavored substance. Since then toothpaste has evolved into many other flavors and textures. When purchasing toothpaste there are not only one or two different brands, but there are several different brands and under that there are several different flavors and styles. In the advertisement Crest is introducing the newest member of its family, Whitening Expressions in three truly new flavors. Crest Whitening Expressions are a new spin on toothpaste, in Cinnamon Rush, Extreme Herbal Mint, and Fresh Citrus Breeze; Crest presents its customers with a new experience for their mouth. As well as flavor and texture evolution, the field of advertising has also evolved. Viewer expectations no longer just pertain to product, but also advertising for that product. Viewers expect a higher quality advertisement, and that is exactly what Crest presents its viewers with. High tech graphics, and brilliant ideas fill the page as Crest presents it’s viewer with a giant dollop of orange toothpaste as the focal point of the ad. Fresh Citrus Breeze, this is the giant squirt of gel in the center of the page, and inside of this blob of orange gel in a sort of snow globe effect appears a typical tropical scene with a palm tree, ocean tide and sailboat. Directly following the dollop of gel is a block of dual colored text that captions the picture above. The first sentence of the text is describing the product featured above, while the rest of the caption describes the other flavors available in the new Whitening Expressions. After the text the three flavors are presented in their different forms near then bottom of the page. The viewer now has seen all of the flavors and styles of the new product. The tropical setting gives this advertisement a new take on the emblematic mint paste.

Essay example --

With new technologies such as interactive smart-displays, touch screen kiosks, augmented reality, real-time data tracking, and more, Intel Corporation wants to bring your retail stores, headquarters, and store management processes, into the future. The world has seen rampant technology growth over the past decade. Since 2000, the percentage of the US population using the internet has grown 150%, with roughly 45% of North Americas’ population being regular online shoppers and virtually every person in North America has a cell phone plan and some form of mobile device. These are statistics that would have never been seen as little as 5 years ago. The world has become an interconnected powerhouse of technology, driven by the need and desire for new and innovative solutions to classic problems, and through this change, retail brick-and-mortar stores have been left in the technological dust. By implementing our â€Å"Connected Store† solutions to your retail franchise, we can guarantee an increased consumer base, higher foot traffic in local stores, increased workforce productivity, higher customer morale, more accessible management tools, more efficient, accurate data tracking, and, of course, a vast increase in sales percentages. All introduced through easy to use, intuitive software and hardware that is not only completely customizable and personalized, but upgradeable to ensure continued use for the foreseeable future. First and foremost, by utilizing our new video analytics technology we can gather vast amounts of anonymous customer metrics, such as age, gender, height and even average attention span, all in real-time through individual storefronts. By coupling this technology with dynamic digital signage and interactive kiosks and sa... ...eyond traditional environmental standards. This also enables retailers to power down devices when stores are closed, and turn them back on prior to opening. And of course, all of this can be monitored, controlled, and customized from a remote location of your choosing. By implementing Intel’s’ Connected Store solutions, you will be on the cutting edge of technology, seamlessly blending truly personalized, shopping experiences, with a mass customer appeal able to rival internet shopping. Combining unique, dynamic digital signage, interactive kiosks, mobile connectivity, and anonymous analytical data gathering with easy-to-use, intuitive software and hardware on both consumer and management ends of the retail shopping experience, Intel hopes to bridge the gap between online and offline shopping, bringing you closer to your customers, and your customers closer to you.

Organisational Behaviour Case Study

Organisational behaviour investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behaviour within organisations for the purpose of applying, such knowledge towards improving organisations effectiveness. (Robbins et. All, 2004, p. 9) Individuals shape organisations. Individual’s values, attitudes, perceptions and motivations shape what each individual brings into an organisation, therefore shaping an organisation. Chua Sock Koong is a Singaporean, University graduate, who is tech-savvy and personable. Sock-Koong is a prime example of how values help shape an organisation. Singapore is a fast moving modernizing city.Chua is a product of that. Chua has leadership, communication roles and has adapted to her role. Chinese bus drivers for Singaporean Mass Transit are there purely for the money and how much money they can send back to China for their families. When the Chinese drivers communicate with other workers, in the same industry, they get an insight into what c onditions and wage the others are experiencing. With this perception they see others much better off than them, this is when they rebel. They know that in China they protest and strike so with the feeling of being poor treated, they rebel in Singapore, which is not custom in Singapore.The migrant bus drivers do not have the same values, customs and believes that Chua Sock Koong has. Comparing Chua and the migrant bus drivers in regard to the joy and sorrows of work are complete opposites. When in a leadership role, like Chua, it is easy to find joy and satisfaction within work. Money is a big factor in finding joy within work and how and why people engage in work. Chinese migrant workers work purely for the money and for money to send back to their families, where as Chua is a university graduate with values, beliefs and personality. University graduates usually go to university to get a better job and earn better money.Being a CEO is a highly paid career. People’s values, be liefs and personality are a major factor in how people engage in work. Values shape who people are and how they act. How people engage in work are shaped by what personal values they have installed in their personality. How people behave why they do at work is directly linked to money, personality, values, and beliefs. Electronic communications such as texts, emails, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram are a major part of today’s society. The best of friends communicate through these channels of communication.With these means of communication the way people communicate at work has changed dramatically. Before these means of communication were in place people would actually have to talk face-to-face or over telephone. Now days emails, text messages, twitter messages and Facebook posts are the norm now in regards to how people communicate at work. These differences in values, beliefs and personality are what make Organisational behaviour so interesting. What shapes the way people i nteract, communicate, why they come to work, how they are when they are at work are directly shaped by values, beliefs and personality.

Auditing Ethics

The subjective setting, that we ar predominantly in an sapless world, brings about the question of ethics in m whatever spheres of the valet endeavor, including auditing.It is therefore a pre-liquisite for all(prenominal) auditors in any formation to translate and give concerted considerations to the human factor (both within the organization and outside) as they conduct honourablely sensitive audits as well as determining the mandatory audit coverage. It is common practice for or so organizations to have some postulated honest steerage procedures-the codes of ethics- the comprehensive principles and values statement that should litigate as a daily calculate to auditors in their daily work.This gives an outline regarding non only the ethical rentments but in like manner the professional obligations that should be emphasized whenever any critical decisions relating to the railway line proceedings atomic number 18 to be made (Matthias, 2004, 16).There should be prio r, form communication and reinforcement of such(prenominal) ethical codes among the suppliers, customers, and employees (including the internal and external auditors). However, the extent and the temper of any audit coverage ar critically determined by the charges degree of commitment to spicy ethical and integrity standards.DiscussionIt is paramount to understand at this point that there are several risk factors that are intricate in the process of auditing ethics. This implies that the auditors must be well conversant with all the utilitarian fields in an organization so as to identify activities and functions in which ethical implications would pose the greatest risks. After such risks have been identified, a value (such as low, medium or high) is assigned to speed proper allocation of audit efforts (Usoff, 2001, 21).Among the virtually considered risks by auditors include, but are non limited to the following Sensitive selective information/information disclosure Perc eived business loss Adverse publicity probable injury to employers, employees, and/customers and Adverse legal implications.Some areas are imperatively more risk attached than others and auditors should therefore allocate them more ethical auditing time. One of these is the procurement and purchasing subdivision in most, if not all enterprises. ruddy flags must always be brocaded in times when larger gratuities and gifts are offered by suppliers. These also include other nominal gifts offered, and every employee who is involved in purchases must be thoroughly reminded of the federation policy on gratuities and gifts.Another are that require careful consideration at all times is the environmental, health issues, and safety department. An exercise example deliberate audit self-abnegation is the Soviets Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident which they refused to acknowledge until other European neighbors complained about the nuclear fallouts.Environmental issues have been among th e study challenges to industries world wide, with many other stakeholders such as the media, the public and regulatory bodies demanding given(predicate) responses on the part of the companies to make obligated precautions (Caplan, 2003, 14).

Systematic Approach of World Wide Web

Getting your row onto the World grand mesh study ( entanglement) is trounce through using a systematic approach. There argon a trope of steps that conduct to be taken prior to start only of the material weave work. Meetings should be held with various groups in spite of appearance your institution. at angiotensin converting enzyme clipping the actual meltwork is begun, in that location argon whatever t stunned ensemble told important(p) components and several(prenominal) optional components. There be ad hoc skills and talents that you each look at to acquire or you exact to admission fee. Each web-based feed in is unique, scarcely they often confound me rattling components in common. Some atomic number 18 essential, differents whitethorn be optional. Resources plunder be found on your campus, from the many web companies and from the web itself.World Wide net, web, outmatch teaching method, HTML, Web-Based financial statementThe number of perc entage point ascribe mannikins avail equal to(p) on the World Wide Web (WWW) has increased at the uniform astonishing gait as other activities on the WWW. There are some ad hoc steps that provide be taken that give overhaul to transport the professor from the idea stage to the economy of a course over the WWW. Also, just like any other educational technology, web-based instruction works better for some situations than others. Web-based instruction is useful when you lack to create a practical(prenominal) environment which is non easily or, perhaps, safely ingressible. An example is intrusting learners to a virtual nuclear lab or on a virtual tour of the Louver in Paris.Web-based instruction it part withs learners to score knowledge and skill more effectively than handed-d admit methods. Simply transferring material such as bother nones to the web is not using the technology to its best advantage. Lengthy text such as strap notes are, in fact, best printed be cause most learners experience tenderness strain and sensory disinterest reading extensive passages of text on a screen. Some specific situations tend to lend themselves to web-based instruction.You want to encourage intercourse through conferencing. Through internet conferencing learners whitethorn inscribe in reasonions or group work with one other with or with repoint the give wayicipation of the instructor. Role plays, simulations of diachronic events and debates are besides examples of how learning foundation be facilitated through the conferencing option.You want learners to use source documents to manage assignments such as conducting an analysis or invention a project. These source documents may not be readily available to learners or perhaps, based on the assignment, go a port not be equ exclusivelyy authoritative to all the learners.For example, you may ask learners to question and decompose issues pertaining to Canadian elections. To complete the assi gnment, various learners may overture archived cookery such as tonics opus and journal articles which specifically relate to their particular interest or point of view.One example is a obtain out operated by the University of Victoria (http//web.uvic.ca/history robinson/index.html) which contains letters, maps, biographies and newspaper articles or so the murder of William Robinson committed on Saltspring Island in 1868. The information at the point dispense withs learners and the public to pursue their research as they please and to access original documents which are not generally available. Individuals are free to reveal out the meaning of the documents and reach their throw conclusions.You want to bequeath maximum flexibility to reserve learners to undertake learning and research in the order which best suits them. Because the web holds learners to move around at pass on, they do not invite to follow a structured hierarchy. broadly learners need and want some d irection barely the web allows a more flexible approach.You want learners to pool data and/or analysis to find patterns and trends or to undertake further study.For a starting point and to cargo hold us on watch over home in this paper, I result discuss degree credit courses delivered by the University of young Brunswick. I provide assume that for your case in that location is ready WWW web access for the professor as thoroughly as web access for students. Again, for consistency, I face my students to put up at least Netscape 3 (or its equivalent), their take in internet service provider (ISP), and the skills necessary to access the WWW. These are my starting points but most c oncepts discussed go forth transfer across institutional lines.There a number of things that you should do before you begin to do any coding, contracting or late darkness computer hacking. There are concussions to beatup, there is paper work to be done and decisions to be made. Then, and unac companied then, do you win to play with the computer.I would instruct that you consider the following garnerings as part of your endeavors. They will function you set the ground rules, armed service you revoke some of the mine-fields, and start you off on a working relationship with groups that bottom of the inning be either wonderful allies or formidable combatants, and hopefully help keep you on track as you work towards a finished product.6.2.1 Your initial meeting with your own departmentI feel it is urgent for any relationship you and your delivering baffle (Department of Extension, Continuing Education or University of the World) to start with a effectual relationship with your own department.In this meeting you may need to get the approval of the supervisors of your department to be able to deliver in something other than the traditionalistic face to face, on campus mode. Those in authority may have to guarantee the academic support for some period after the sta rtle start of obstetrical pitch shot of the course (at UNB, the period is three years).At the University of New Brunswick, instructors delivering courses through the Department of Extension are recommended by the faculties. This is something you might overly appetency to discuss with your own department at this time. It is often assumed that the person(s) develop a course will be the one(s) that esteem to teach the course and the one(s) that the faculty will send to teach the course. This is not always the case.You should also discuss possible sources of help for the development of your course. There are times when stipend relief may be available from various sources. There may also be funds available from other agencies.6.2.2 Your origin meeting with your delivering agencyHaving gained the approval of your faculty, you should next meet with your delivering agency. In this meeting, you should discuss the ways that they hind end help you in the development of your course. Th ey may also divide with you what they know about possible funding sources.As Web-based learning is different from regular face to face taunt learning, they will want you to profit use of expert instructional pattern methodologies. This is often an playing field where they commode help. here(predicate) are some items you may wish to discuss at that meetinga. possible methods of web-based slant for your course,b. method of payment to the instructor,c. ancillary support materials and their delivery to the students,d. how the materials, assignments, marks and communications flow between partiesg. on-going suitpoint meetings with your delivering agency.At regularly scheduled intervals, you should meet with your delivering agency as they will wish to monitor the development of the course. Your delivering agency should be checking with you to* keep abreast of your time lines. They need this to be able to best market your course and to see that it receives the coverage it deserve s,* ensure the consistency of an academia look and feel* ensure the consistency of any criterions for web-based courseware development (for an example, please see http//www.unb.ca/home/webinfo/guide.html)* keep abreast of your needs and successes.These meetings are intended to treat the standards and formats consistent with the delivery of your institutes courses, and should in no way be an attempt to interfere with your teaching.There is an current debate as to whether one should do all or some of the web work oneself, or if the work should be jobbed out. I enjoy working with the web, I have instructional design training and have been involved in courseware development for manakin of a few years and so, as massive as I have more time than financial imaginations, I will do the work myself. There are many very erect professional agencies that arsehole be contracted to suffer courseware for you. These agencies underside be contracted to do a wide range of the jobs necessary to complete any type of web-based application. There are probably agencies within your institution who specialize in instructional design and courseware development. These units should be consulted. For certain areas of the development that you do yourself, you will need some specific skills.You will need to be very familiar with these or will need access to people who are and potbelly do these aspects of the job for you.7.1.1.1 HyperText Markup Language HTMLStands for HyperText Markup Language, and on a scale of one to ten, learning the fundamental principle of HTML is about a three. The web is a great resource (see the Resource list below), and there are a plethora of advantageously books on the subject. I keep the most current reading material of Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML in a Week by Laura Lemay near my computer. As with all aspects of the WWW, the print support is changing constantly, but the most recent edition is usually the best.Again, there a large numbe r of excellent resources and my popular is Jerry Kemps The Instructional Design Process (New York Harper & Row, 1985). It is however, out of print, and this is one case where I do ring the next edition was not as good as the first. Another good choice is, Robert Branchs coarse Instructional Design Practices Employed by secondhand School Teachers, Educational engine room, 34, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ Educational technology Publications, 1995).The more familiar you become with HTML, the more you will be able to enhance your courses web direct. This can be a good thing, and it can also be not so good. Adding components and extra bells and whistles to your web come out should be done as a conscious choice to support your educational objectives and not just because the bells and whistles are there.Stands for Common Gateway port and is the coding that allows the information collected from forms on webs sites to be manipulated. This can be as simple as allowing students to send specif ic assignments to you, or can be as elaborate as online registration. both Web-delivered course will have a number of components. These will vary depending upon your needs, your style and the degree of interactivity in the course. There are some components that should be part of your site, in order to make the course likeable to your customer. I feel that some components of a web-based course are essential and others are optional.These can be divided into static and dynamic.These components change very little. They can be put on your web site and only updated as needed.This will often come directly from your University calendar.This can be as knowledgeable or as formal as you like. What kind of first impression do you wish to make? How practically do you wish to add? Do you wish to link to your own personal Web site (if you have one)?Again, this can often come from your university calendar. It is always a good point to arrange any particular computing hardware, software or skil ls that will be required for students to be able to take your course.Here is a nice place to put a scanned cover of the text along with the ISBN, the publisher and all of the information needed for your potential difference students to acquire this text. Here is a good place to put a link to your institutes bookstore take for granted it has a web site.This is where you put as much information as you can about how students can reach you. Will you have office hours? realistic office hours? Can they reach you via e-mail? How do they reach each other? Is there a listserv, a secure server?Students all count to want to know what they have to do to get a mark. This is a good place to discern them about assignments, quizzes, mid-terms and finals, and any other expectations you have of them.These components may change often. They might be updated, or supplemented once a week or both few days.This gets use much more in the first part of the naval division. As the class gets into it th is seems to be used less frequently.These can be placed on the web site before the class begins for all assignments, or can become readable at given times or as new assignments are given.These are the actual components of the web site that allow interactivity in the course. The real power of the WWW is global communication. And this is what makes web-based courses so exciting. Your courses communications may imply any number of the followingThese use standard Email to allow all members of the class to send and receive depicted objects from any other member of the class, including the instructor. Messages are automatically sent to all of the individuals personal Email addresses.These are places where people can interact. Student-to-student, student-to- instructor and teacher-to-student or teacher to the entire class. These are sections on the web that students go to and are able to read messages and participate in on-line, asynchronous conversations.7.2.1.2.6 Interactive real time two-way auditory sensation or videoThere are numerous pieces of software available now that allow background knowledge two-way video and audio. These tend to require very high bandwidth, and because they are real-time they require the participating parties to all be on the web at the same time.This is a place where your marking scheme can be listed. It is also a place where you can post marks or assignments in (if you have a secure server that only your class can access).As each week progresses, or just prior to each weeks work, students may need to have the equivalent of lecture notes to supplement what is cover in the text book, or what has been assigned on the web. Some web software will allow you to put the all the notes on the web site and as certain dates arrive, students then have access to the notes.These may be essential, depending upon your requirements.These may be as sound files (.WAV or .AU), audio streaming ( solid Audio, Soundstream, Shockwave) or MIDI files.These may be as light .GIFs, QuickTime, Shockwave or Java applications.7.2.2.3 Quizzes, especially self-correcting quizzesThese may be as part of a web educational software (WebCT) or can be develop by yourself or your institution.These may be as included as text pages or may be referenced to other sites. This is one area where copyright can really come into play. The personify of clearing copyright on a set of Harvard business case studies can be out of the question.These may be as QuickTime video or may be done with the new Real Video that allows real-time video streaming.These will allow you to maintain and provide access to databases over the web.These may be as simple as step by step instructions for any topic with branching provided to additive sites. They can also be we intelligent tutorials with on-line interactive testing.An open server will allow anyone, anywhere on the web to access your information.A secure server will only allow persons with some type of authorization co de to access your information.(This list does not constitute an kisser on anyones part. These resources are a jumping off points to help you get your course on the web.) Please do not overlook the many resources on your own campus.This site has links to courses, resources, athletic supporter sites that aid you in choosing which type and format of media to use, sites that check your HTML for errors or idiosyncrasies, and much more.http//www.unb.ca/web/wwwdev/resources.html8.2 Conferences, on-line or face-to-faceNAWeb 98 The Virtual Campus (October 3-6, 1998). This international league is in its ordinal year. It is intended solely for those developing courseware for delivery on the WWW or for those delivering courseware over the WWW.http//www.unb.ca/web/wwwdev/naweb98/8.3 Books, listservs and associationsBadrul Khans Web-Based Instruction (Englewood Cliffs, NJ Educational Technology Publications, 1997) is quite good.I host the WWWDEV listserv. This listserv hosts the NAWeb confe rences, and has 1400 members from around the valet de chambre developing for delivery over the WWW or actually delivering courseware over the WWW.The DEOSNEWS listserv is involved in all aspects of distance education. You can join that one by sending this messageDEOS-L is a service provided to the place Education alliance by The American aggregate for the Study of Distance Education, The Pennsylvania State University. Opinions verbalised are those of DEOS-L subscribers, and do not constitute endorsement of any opinion, product, or service by ACSDE or Penn State.The Canadian stand for Distance Education (CADE) can often helpThe Association for Media and Technology in Education Canada (AMTEC) is another favorite of mine.Use every and any resource you can. Join groups for support, and support others in similar projects. This is a rapidly emerging field, and it is evolving and maturement just as fast as it is emerging.Here is where you add ideas you scatter up at the conferenc e.This site has links to courses, resources, helper sites that aid you in choosing which type and format of media to use, sites that check your HTML for errors or idiosyncrasies, and much more.http//www.unb.ca/web/wwwdev/resources.html8.2 Conferences, on-line or face-to-faceNAWeb 98 The Virtual Campus (October 3-6, 1998). This international conference is in its fourth year. It is intended solely for those developing courseware for delivery on the WWW or for those delivering courseware over the WWW.http//www.unb.ca/web/wwwdev/naweb98/8.3 Books, listservs and associationsBadrul Khans Web-Based Instruction (Englewood Cliffs, NJ Educational Technology Publications, 1997) is quite good.I host the WWWDEV listserv. This listserv hosts the NAWeb conferences, and has 1400 members from around the world developing for delivery over the WWW or actually delivering courseware over the WWW.The DEOSNEWS listserv is involved in all aspects of distance education. You can join that one by sending th is messageDEOS-L is a service provided to the Distance Education community by The American Center for the Study of Distance Education, The Pennsylvania State University. Opinions expressed are those of DEOS-L subscribers, and do not constitute endorsement of any opinion, product, or service by ACSDE or Penn State.The Canadian Association for Distance Education (CADE) can often helpThe Association for Media and Technology in Education Canada (AMTEC) is another favorite of mine.Use every and any resource you can. Join groups for support, and support others in similar projects. This is a rapidly emerging field, and it is evolving and growing just as fast as it is emerging.Here is where you add ideas you pick up at the conference.